scholarly journals Animating Idolatry: Making Ancestral Kin and Personhood in Ancient Peru

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
George F. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Lines Of Evidence ◽  
Ritual Practices

Historical and archaeological records help shed light on the production, ritual practices, and personhood of cult objects characterizing the central Peruvian highlands after ca. AD 200. Colonial accounts indicate that descendant groups made and venerated stone images of esteemed forebears as part of small-scale local funerary cults. Prayers and supplications help illuminate how different artifact forms were seen as honored family members (forebears, elders, parents, siblings). Archaeology, meanwhile, shows the close associations between carved monoliths, tomb repositories, and restricted cult spaces. The converging lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that production of stone images was the purview of family/lineage groups. As the cynosures of cult activity and devotion, the physical forms of ancestor effigies enabled continued physical engagements, which vitalized both the idol and descendant group.

An examination of the validity of metaphor analysis studies

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Wan
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Metaphor Analysis ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Perceived Reasons ◽  
Shed Light

The last decade has seen a large number of studies employing metaphor elicitation techniques, especially using ‘X is (like) Y’ format to investigate language teachers’ and learners’ understandings of teaching and/or learning. Although a few recent studies have reported the proportion of unsuccessful answers to this type of task, and identified a number of issues connected with task difficulty, there appears to be little published work that has seriously addressed the validity of the method used. The aims of this paper are therefore to explore the discourse and contexts where failure/difficulty with the metaphor elicitation task occurs, to try and understand what causes the problems and to suggest approaches to resolving them. In so doing, this paper reports on two small-scale metaphor analysis studies that were primarily designed to reduce the incidence of difficulty with ‘X is (like) Y’ metaphor prompts, presenting the perceived reasons for the difficulties and discussing possible solutions by introducing training in the form of four ready-made metaphor related teaching sessions. Essentially, I argue that training both about metaphor and in using it are important, and that thought needs to be given to both the nature and the length of training. The hope is that the present paper can be a first step and will serve to shed light on the ways that can be employed by metaphor researchers to identify and then resolve their methodological problems.

Small family business in Russia: formal or informal?

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 809-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Chepurenko
Keyword(s):  
Family Business ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Small Family ◽  
Scale Family ◽  
Russian State

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to deal with informal entrepreneurial activity of micro and small family businesses in the specific transitional environment. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses two cases – an informal micro business (“marginal” family business), and a formal retail small firm (“simpleton” family firm), respectively, of a panel conducted in 2013–2015 in Moscow. Findings First, the real distribution of responsibilities between family members is informal; it relies more on interpersonal trust and “common law.” Second, exactly the ease of governing such trust-based businesses for the founders’ generation sets limits of succession of small-scale family businesses. Third, as trust in the state is very low, the policy of Russian authorities to quickly force informal entrepreneurs to become legalized is substantially wrong; the results would be either a transformation of “simpleton” into “marginal” businesses or quitting business. Research limitations/implications Research limitations of the study are the number of observations and the localization of the panel only in the capital of Russia. Practical implications The fundamental failure of Russian State policy toward small-scale family businesses is its attempt to convince “marginal” to formalize and to oppress “simpleton” family businesses pushing them into informality. In fact, it should be designed vice versa: tolerate “marginal” businesses and let them to “live and die” while shaping a friendly environment for “simpleton” family firms. Originality/value The paper argues that the most important facet of informality in small family entrepreneurship is the informal property rights and governance duties’ distribution among the family members.

Elder Abuse and Consent Capacity

2018 ◽  
pp. 207-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaitsa Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sexual Relations ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Capacity To Consent ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes

This chapter explores the findings of theoretical and empirical studies for the complicated construct of capacity to consent to sexual relations in elders. This is alongside an attempt to clarify through small-scale research, the knowledge and attitudes towards consent capacity as reported by elders themselves. Results indicate that Greek respondents are not fully informed about consent capacity and approach this topic as a taboo. Moreover, they believe that the Greek society and state do not provide adequate prevention programs. Future directions on how to make elders and their family members aware of consent capacity problems are discussed.

The integration of languages and society

2021 ◽  
pp. 288-311
Author(s):  
Dineke Schokkin
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Family Members ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Possessive Pronoun ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Education Work

This chapter discusses traditional small-scale multilingualism in Southern New Guinea (SNG), in connection with the expression of possession in one of the languages spoken here: Idi. SNG is a high diversity region with many languages and families attested, and individuals tend to be highly multilingual. Throughout the area, patterns of language contact are grounded in established cultural practices of intermarriage. A system of symmetrical sister exchange produces many linguistically exogamous marriages. Children from such marriages usually acquire both their father’s (their primary or “emblematic” language of identification) and their mother’s language. Other languages are picked up from other family members and as people travel within the region or further afield for education, work or church activities. Practices of receptive multilingualism are widely reported. Idi has two types of possessive pronoun, termed “close” and “distant” possessive. Which type of possessive is used appears to be driven partly by semantics, based on alienability, and partly by pragmatics. The chapter looks specifically at how Idi speakers use possessives in the context of discussing the languages they speak. The linguistic landscape of the region is reflected in Idi, in the ways that possessive forms are used to refer to the different languages speakers acquire during their lifetime.

scholarly journals Tumor-Associated Neutrophils and Macrophages—Heterogenous but Not Chaotic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Wu ◽  
Xiang H.-F. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Tumor Associated Macrophages ◽  
Tumor Associated Neutrophils ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) have been extensively studied. Their pleotropic roles were observed in multiple steps of tumor progression and metastasis, and sometimes appeared to be inconsistent across different studies. In this review, we collectively discussed many lines of evidence supporting the mutual influence between cancer cells and TAMs/TANs. We focused on how direct interactions among these cells dictate co-evolution involving not only clonal competition of cancer cells, but also landscape shift of the entire tumor microenvironment (TME). This co-evolution may take distinct paths and contribute to the heterogeneity of cancer cells and immune cells across different tumors. A more in-depth understanding of the cancer-TAM/TAN co-evolution will shed light on the development of TME that mediates metastasis and therapeutic resistance.

Aging Small Scale Coconut Farmers  in Central Philippines -- Their Perspectives on Farming, Succession and Future Impact on the Local Ecology

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ERNESTO GO YAP
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Philippine Government ◽  
Local Ecology

The goal of past administrations of the Philippine government was to enablethe country to be self-sustainable in food production. This paper takes intostudy the coconut farmers; the country being a prime producer and exporter ofcoconuts. Many past and recent studies have shown that the coconut industryhas often been beset with numerous problems and small scale coconut farmersare poor, with the causes ranging from lack of finance, technical assistance andsocio-cultural factors. This study further explored the perspectives of smallscale coconut farmers on the issues of aging and succession, obstacles andopportunities of farming, as well as the future impact on the local ecology. Thisstudy is conducted in the province of Negros Oriental, Municipality of Bacong, in Central Philippines. Qualitative methods were primarily used in the research, including a survey, key informant interviews, participant observation. Thestudy revealed that family members currently involved in coconut farming aredecreasing, and a significant number of families do not have members to succeedthe parent-farmers, preferring to go for non-farming jobs. Farms are expected to be neglected. Keywords - Small-scale coconut farmers, poverty, perspectives, succession, local ecology,descriptive design, succession, Philippines

scholarly journals Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Monogenic Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelie T. van der Ven ◽  
Asaf Vivante ◽  
Friedhelm Hildebrandt
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Vesicoureteral Reflux ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Renal Agenesis ◽  
Incomplete Penetrance ◽  
Variable Expressivity ◽  
Genetic Causes ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a large spectrum of congenital malformations ranging from severe manifestations, such as renal agenesis, to potentially milder conditions, such as vesicoureteral reflux. CAKUT causes approximately 40% of ESRD that manifests within the first three decades of life. Several lines of evidence indicate that CAKUT is often caused by recessive or dominant mutations in single (monogenic) genes. To date, approximately 40 monogenic genes are known to cause CAKUT if mutated, explaining 5%–20% of patients. However, hundreds of different monogenic CAKUT genes probably exist. The discovery of novel CAKUT-causing genes remains challenging because of this pronounced heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance. We here give an overview of known genetic causes for human CAKUT and shed light on distinct renal morphogenetic pathways that were identified as relevant for CAKUT in mice and humans.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Case Study of the Use of Video Digitizing Technology to Detect Answer-Copying on a Paper-and-Pencil Multiple-Choice Test

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Zerpa ◽  
Christina Van Barneveld
Keyword(s):  
Choice Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Exploratory Case Study ◽  
Future Program ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Answer Copying

In educational testing, answer-copying is considered a behaviour that poses threats to the validity of test scores interpretations, which is a concern when interpreting the test results for the purpose of making changes to curriculum and educational policies. Answer copying involves at least two examinees, one being the source and the other the copier. While different methods have been developed to detect answer-copying using statistical indices, researchers have not yet examined the use of video digitizing technology via a kinematic sanalysis of the data to detect answer-copying during test taking situations. The purpose of this case study was to explore the use of video digitizing technology to detectanswer-copying by measuring examinees’ response time, displacement and velocity from item to item on a test. A sample of two university students volunteered to demonstrate the benefits and challenges of using video digitizing technology to detect answer-copying. While this is a small scale demonstration, the outcome of this study may shed light on whether or not the use of video digitizing technology provide evidence of feasibility and some preliminary reliability in the detection of answer copying.The lesson learned from this study can inform the direction of a future program of research.

Capillitas

2014 ◽  
pp. 221-231
Author(s):  
José Enrique Finol ◽  
David Enrique Finol
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Exact Location ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Religious Syncretism ◽  
Car Accident ◽  
Ritual Practices

This chapter focuses on the analysis of a small religious and funerary culture practiced alongside Venezuelan roads, where many car accidents cause a great number of deaths every year. After a car accident has caused the death of a person, family members build a small cenotaph known in Venezuela as capillita, where a variety of ritual practices are developed. According to family members, the capillita has to be built at the exact location where the victim “took his last breath.” This small funerary culture is a vivid expression of rich and complex processes of religious syncretism that combines and integrates elements originally coming from Catholic, Jewish, and African-Venezuelan practices, along with popular agrarian myths and legends. Communication processes, sometimes among distant communities, located in different roads and highways, are based on family visits and religious meetings, where messages are exchanged face to face. But capillitas are not only funerary monuments where family members and neighbors come to communicate with the deceased, visit and bring candles, flowers, water, liquor, and food, they are also signs of warning to passersby and, particularly, to drivers who are usually blamed for car accidents.

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