scholarly journals Trauma and Sacrifice in Divided Communities: The Sacralisation of the Victims of Terrorism in Spain

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Eliana Alemán ◽  
José Pérez-Agote
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
The State ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Institutional Discourse ◽  
Divided Societies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Public Demonstrations ◽  
The Way

This work aims to show that the sacrificial status of the victims of acts of terrorism, such as the 2004 Madrid train bombings (“11-M”) and ETA (Basque Homeland and Liberty) attacks in Spain, is determined by how it is interpreted by the communities affected and the manner in which it is ritually elaborated a posteriori by society and institutionalised by the state. We also explore the way in which the sacralisation of the victim is used in socially and politically divided societies to establish the limits of the pure and the impure in defining the “Us”, which is a subject of dispute. To demonstrate this, we first describe two traumatic events of particular social and political significance (the case of Miguel Ángel Blanco and the 2004 Madrid train bombings). Secondly, we analyse different manifestations of the institutional discourse regarding victims in Spain, examining their representation in legislation, in public demonstrations by associations of victims of terrorism and in commemorative “performances” staged in Spain. We conclude that in societies such as Spain’s, where there exists a polarisation of the definition of the “Us”, the success of cultural and institutional performances oriented towards reparation of the terrorist trauma is precarious. Consequently, the validity of the post-sacrificial narrative centring on the sacred value of human life is ephemeral and thus fails to displace sacrificial narratives in which particularist definitions of the sacred Us predominate.

Teaching Diversity in the Utah Bubble

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-184
Author(s):  
Brianne N. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Social Justice Education ◽  
The State ◽  
Foundations Of Education ◽  
Experience Teaching ◽  
Long Course ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Social Justice Educator ◽  
The Way

This chapter focuses on one teacher educator's experience teaching an undergraduate Social Foundations of Education course in Utah. The author chronicles life experiences that led her to be a social justice educator and how she structures her course to fit her definition of social justice education. She defines the ‘Utah Bubble' phenomenon seen within the state and the effect it has on pre-service teachers' knowledge of diversity and privilege. A discussion about the course curriculum showcases the way aspects of social justice education have been carefully constructed to examine identity, socialization, and privilege. Attention is paid to new understandings students created during the semester-long course and forms of resistance students exhibited during a study conducted by the author.

Pipeline versus Reactors

2018 ◽  
pp. 91-154
Author(s):  
Chaitanya Ravi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
State Department ◽  
The State ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Way

This chapter concentrates on the period from July 2005–March 2006 and examines the way in which the nuclear deal and the US-India strategic partnership wrapped around it influenced India’s energy and foreign policy, in particular the Iran–Pakistan–India (IPI) natural gas pipeline and Iran–India relations. The chapter follows the shifting relationships between Petroleum Minister, Mani Shankar Aiyar; External Affairs Minister, Natwar Singh; and Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh. An important part of the chapter is the US Ambassador to India David Mulford’s role vis a vis the IPI pipeline and the factors that gave rise to the idea of a nuclear deal with India among a small coterie in the State Department. The chapter concludes with the collision of the rival energy initiatives, the strategic paradigms wrapped around them and the way in which the nuclear deal prevailed over the pipeline with Natwar’s exit and Aiyar’s dismissal being important milestones.

scholarly journals Factors to influence the formation of the US foreign policy during the presidency of Bill Clinton

2017 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Bondaruk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bill Clinton ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Definition Of

The US foreign policy serves as an example for other countries, as it is one of the most developed countries in the world. For a better understanding of the features of contemporary foreign policy, the preconditions for its formation are determined. The history of the United States of America has been analyzed, which has inevitably influenced the formation of its current foreign policy and geostrategy. The political system of the country is defined as one of the direct factors influencing the formation of foreign policy. It is revealed that the very political preconditions create the legal basis for the existence and development of foreign policy, and therefore their study is very important for a deeper understanding of the vectors, principles and means of implementing the modern foreign policy of any state, namely, the United States. The internal economic situation, structure and development of the country’s economy, as well as problems and challenges on the way to the development of the national economy that are directly relevant for defining the functions, priorities and directions of foreign policy are considered. After all, it is the economy that is one of the most important factors shaping the foreign economic strategy of the state, which is an important factor in the formation of foreign economic relations and politics in general. It is proved that the geopolitical situation is the main factor for the definition of foreign policy vectors of the state. The geographic and geopolitical location of the state, in this case, the United States, defines the directions and vectors of the foreign policy of the state. The article explores all the factors and preconditions for the formation of US foreign policy during the presidency of Bill Clinton and his predecessors.

scholarly journals Danska ríkisráðið og íslensk stjórnmál 1874–1915

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-68
Author(s):  
Birgir Hermannsson
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
State Council ◽  
Self Rule ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

The main purpose of this article is to trace the debate in Iceland about the inclusion of the minister of Iceland in the Danish state council from 1874 to 1915. This debate concerned the interpretation of the Danish Positional Law and whether the Danish Constitution was in some regards also enforceable in Iceland. The state council was included in the Icelandic constitution in 1903 and proposed changes hotly debated until 1915. To understand this debate the political discourse on the state council is analyzed and its role in the wider struggle for independence. The Icelandic opposition to the state council was based on the definition of specific Icelandic issues apart from Danish ones in the Positional law and the proposition that the state council was a Danish institution defined by the Danish constitution. It was therefore against Icelandic self-rule to discuss and decide on specific Icelandic issues in a Danish institution. During the independence struggle Icelanders had to decide whether the state council clause was a matter of principle and should therefore stand in the way of agreement with Denmark or whether a more pragmatic view should be taken. The disagreement was therefore not only between Iceland and Denmark but also a source of conflict and disagreement within Iceland.

After Neoliberalism?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Lind
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Partial Rupture ◽  
Buen Vivir ◽  
Intimate Relations ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter addresses the shift away from neoliberalism in Ecuador toward the socialist or post-neoliberal Citizen Revolution (2007–present). It addresses concepts that were resignified in the 2008 Constitution: family, defined as “diverse” and based on kinship and alternative forms of intimate relations; nation, defined as plurinational, recognizing indigenous rights to land, territory, and identity; and economy, defined as postcapitalist, with the goal of privileging well-being (buen vivir) and human life over capital. The chapter highlights the centrality of heteronormativity in understanding post-neoliberal states, including governance and development frameworks that privilege the patriarchal heterosexual family, viewing it as the foundation of the country’s modernization goals. It argues that Ecuador’s shift away from neoliberalism is fraught with contradictions, best understood as signifying a partial rupture with the neoliberal legacy. Despite progressive legal changes to the definition of family, nation, and economy in the 2008 Constitution (symbolizing the country’s move away from neoliberalism), it argues that the state maintains a heteronormative, colonialist understanding of governance and development, rendering the potentially radical project of reimagining life “after” neoliberalism incomplete and paradoxical. This has important implications for individuals, communities, and social movements that don’t fit the resignified but colonialist pillars of the Citizen Revolution.

scholarly journals Karl Barth’s definition of church in politics and culture: Growth points for the church in South Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wessel Bentley
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
The State ◽  
Karl Barth ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Question ◽  
Relationship History ◽  
Culture Growth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Way

The article describes briefly Karl Barth’s views on church, its role in politics and how it relates to culture. This is done by identifying the way in which the church participates in the social realm through its relationship with the State. The historic religious question asks whether there is a natural mutual-determining relationship between church and State. The church may ask whether faith and politics should mix, while a secular state may question the authority which the church claims to speak from. To a large extent culture determ-ines the bias in this relationship. History has shown that church-State dynamics is not an either/or relationship, whereby either the authority of the church or the authority of the State should function as the ruling norm. Karl Barth describes the dynamics of this relationship very well, within the context of culture, in the way his faith engages with the political status quo. Once the relationship is better understood, Barth’s definition of the church will prove to be more effective in its evangelical voice, speaking to those who guide its citizens through political power. “Fürchtet Gott, ehret den König!” (1 Pt 2:17)

scholarly journals Definition of the concept of «state-legal system» in the Russian scientific turnover (on the example of the US development during the Civil war)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Наталья Латыпова ◽  
Natalia Latypova
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of state-legal system. The author argues the need for the introduction of this category in the domestic scientific circulation and the relevance of this problem for the modern science of the history of state and law. On the example of the U.S. development during the Civil war, the author demonstrates that the Union of two elements: the state and the legal system is due to their historically close relationship. The article argues that the introduction of the concept of «state-legal system» into scientific use will allow to describe the integral theoretical and legal phenomenon uniting in a broad sense the political and legal spheres of society. On the basis of the conducted in-depth analysis of the theoretical material the author proposes the author’s definition of the concept of the state-legal system.

scholarly journals Definitions and Legal Aspects of the Term “War” and the Related Terms

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4 ENGLISH ONLINE VERSION) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Malwina Ewa Kołodziejczak
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Consequences ◽  
The Way

Normative acts applicable in the Republic of Poland do not lack a multitude of formulations of terms such as: war, state of war or time of war. The lack of legally binding definitions and the inconsistency of the use of identical definitions lead to different, often contradictory interpretations of particular situations, which may have different legal consequences. Only a precise and detailed definition of these concepts, preferably by incorporating them into national or international law, would dispel many doubts and close the way to sometimes contradictory interpretations, which is particularly important for security and defence concepts and issues. Therefore, in this paper the author will present definitions and regulations resulting from Polish legal acts, relating to war, war time and the state of war.

“Women Don't Get AIDS, They Just Die From It”: Memory, Classification, and the Campaign to Change the Definition of AIDS

Hypatia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Shotwell
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Activist Group ◽  
Loss Resistance ◽  
The Us ◽  
Centers For Disease Control ◽  
Death And Loss ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

In this paper, I examine activist group ACT UP's campaign to change the US Centers for Disease Control surveillance case definition of HIV and AIDS. This campaign's effects included a profound shift in how AIDS is understood, and thus in some real way in what it is. I argue that classification should be understood as a political formation with material effects, attending to the words of activists, most of them women, who contested the way AIDS was defined in a moment when no one else thought that definition needed to be changed. I argue that philosopher Sue Campbell's work on the importance of understanding memory and feeling as relational helps understand the histories of death and loss, resistance and fierce joy, crystallized in activist responses to HIV and AIDS.

scholarly journals Socrates' understanding of the task of philosophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
Šejla Avdić
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Indelible Mark ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

The article tries to present Socrates' understanding of the task of philosophy step by step with reference to contemporary interpretations. Along the way, an inevitable obstacle is encountered, and that is the problem of the contemporary meanings of Socrates 'philosophy. Socrates did not leave a written trace behind, so we draw knowledge about his philosophy and life from the main testimonies, which are the writings of Aristophanes, Xenophon, Plato and Aristotle. Given our acceptance and affection for certain testimonies, we are moving further and further away from the definition of historical Socrates. The paradox of this distancing, is shown in the fact that Socrates in this way in his mental heritage becomes closer to us as our contemporary. But what cannot be ignored is the fact that Socrates, with his philosophy, left an indelible mark in the development of the whole of philosophical thought and the determinants of modern culture as a whole. The transition from the question of nature to the question of human life, through the introduction of a method aimed at eliminating misconceptions and the possibility of determining the right direction for action, is what makes Socrates one of the most important philosophers and leaves him in today's view of the source of modern thought.

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