scholarly journals Medical Aesthetics in the Twilight of Empire: Lungrik Tendar and The Stainless Vaiḍūrya Mirror

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Matthew W. King
Keyword(s):  
Socialist Revolution ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Medical Histories ◽  
Central Tibet ◽  
Popular Audience ◽  
Representations Of Space ◽  
Medical Aesthetics

This article introduces the life and medical histories of the luminary Khalkha Mongolian monk, Lungrik Tendar (Tib. Lung rigs bstan dar; Mon. Lungrigdandar, c. 1842–1915). Well known for his exegesis of received medical works from Central Tibet, Lungrik Tendar was also a historian of the Four Tantras (Tib. Rgyud bzhi; Mon. Dörben ündüsü). In 1911, just as Khalkha Mongolia began separating from a flailing Qing Empire, Lungrik Tendar set out to append the story of Mongolia and of Mongolian medicine, political formation, and religious life to the Four Tantra’s well-known global histories. In addition, he provided an illuminating summary of how to present the Four Tantras to a popular audience in the twilight of the imperial period. This article introduces the life of Lungrik Tendar and analyzes his previously unstudied medical history from 1911, The Stainless Vaiḍūrya Mirror. On the basis of this understudied text, this article explores ways that monastic medicine in the frontier scholastic worlds of the late-Qing Empire were dependent upon aesthetic representations of space and time and of knowledge acquisition and practice, and how such medical aesthetics helped connect the religious, political, legal, economic, and social worlds of Asia’s heartland on the eve of nationalist and socialist revolution and state-directed erasure.

scholarly journals Self-Strengthening Movement of Late Qing China: an Intermediate Reform Doomed to Failure

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Qu
Keyword(s):  
Western World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Late Qing China ◽  
The World ◽  
World Trend ◽  
Economy System

<p class="1Body">Despite of strong economy including highest GDP gross and self-sufficient feudal economy system, the late Qing Empire fell behind the world trend with its isolationist trade policies. As the Western world caught up technologically, economically, and politically, the former biggest economy had suffered from consecutive losses in wars. In order to preserve the feudal regime, the initiative reform, termed the Self Strengthening Movement was grandly carried out. However, without the true support from the supreme power on one hand, and without the support of the populace on the other, the Movement was an intermediate reform in attempt to preserve the royal system and forestall its continued decline. In policy, the reforms envisioned Western-style modernization without adjusting the political order, yet the entrenched conservatism of the Qing Imperial Court proved to be the decisive hindering factor in the failure of the Movement.</p>

Chinese emigration to Russia from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (01) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Cheng Hong ◽  
Wang Xu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the key problems of the history of Chinese emigration to Russia from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. It is shown, that, for a number of reasons, the Russian Empire became one of the important channels of emigration from the late Qing Empire. The conclusion is substantiated, that, in the presence of political migrants, for example, from among the Dungan rebels, the main reason for attracting a large number of Chinese to Russia was purely economic, not political factors.

Critical Methods in Tibetan Medical Histories

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Medical Tradition ◽  
Medical Histories ◽  
Medical Traditions ◽  
Critical Methods

This paper addresses the development of scholastic medical traditions in Tibet through an examination of lists of physicians. I consider the debates that such lists and their accompanying narratives engender for Tibetan historians and reflect on the contributions they make to the identity of the medical tradition. By examining the structure and content of classificatory methods in medical histories, I argue that temporally organized lists document the place of medicine across time, geographically organized lists document the reach of medical knowledge across space, and thematically organized lists document the intertwining of medical knowledge and skill with other aspects of intellectual and civil life. In making these lists, medical historians paint a portrait of the Tibetan medical tradition that evokes connections to Buddhism and the strength and cosmopolitanism of the imperial period. Medical histories thus emphasize a picture of Tibet in the broader context of Asia—a Tibet whose empire lives on culturally or intellectually, if not militarily.

Qing Dynasty Warfare and Military Authority: Discipline and the Ethnic Cleansing of 1860s Shaanxi

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-202
Author(s):  
Eric Setzekorn
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Ethnic Tensions ◽  
Taiping Rebellion ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract During the 1850s and 1860s, the Qing empire re-established political authority after a series of major rebellions that nearly toppled the dynasty. While the Taiping Rebellion was larger in scope, the campaign in Shaanxi is critical to understanding late Qing military history and the complex relationship between warfare, ethnicity, and demographic change in the late nineteenth century. The Qing reconquest of Shaanxi in 1863 resulted in the near elimination of the Muslim population in the province, which was not the intent of senior Imperial commanders, but a byproduct of Qing patterns of warfare and larger ethnic tensions in Shaanxi.

Warlord Colonialism: State Fragmentation and Chinese Rule in Kham, 1911–1949

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph D. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Government Funding ◽  
County Government ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
Alternative State ◽  
Chinese Authority ◽  
Colonial Government

This article investigates Chinese warlord authority in the east of the Kham Tibetan region between 1911 and 1949. The colonial government established by the Qing Empire in Kham during the five years before the end of dynastic rule relied on central government funding. With the fragmentation of the Chinese state in the Republican period, Chinese regimes in Kham were forced to raise more revenue locally and reduce expenditure. Responding to these challenges shaped the nature of Chinese authority in Kham. The late Qing colonial government had paid Tibetans who provided livestock and labor for transport as part of the 'u-lagcorvée. Republican-era governors lacked the resources to do the same. They struggled to develop other ways of controlling the corvée, and attempted to create alternative state transport organizations. Changes in the sources of county government revenue also had important effects on Chinese officials' approach to what they considered to be “wasteland.”

scholarly journals Historiography of industrial monopolization in the Russian Empire in the late XIX – early XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-60
Author(s):  
Olha Zabudkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Socialist Revolution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Management ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article analyzes the coverage in the historical literature of the problem of industry’s monopolization in the Russian Empire in the late XIX – early XX century. There are three periods in the development of the historiography have been identified. During the imperial period (late XIX – early XX century.) works were not only theoretical but also practical. Despite the fact that most of these works are descriptive and have a relatively weak source base, they laid the foundation for further study of the problem. In the second, Soviet period, there are three stages. During the first (1920s – mid-1950s) there is an evolution of approaches to the study of monopolies from pre-Soviet traditions to their understanding as one of the means of external management of the Russian Empire’s economy with foreign capital. At the next stage (mid-1950s – mid-1970s) the idea of ​​the weakness of monopoly and the dependent nature of the empire is replaced by the idea of ​​forming the highest stage of capitalism – imperialism, one of the main features of which was the domination of monopolies. During the third stage (mid-1970s – 1980s), research became complex, and the thesis of the high development of monopoly capitalism as a precondition for the socialist revolution was defended. Modern historiography, which represents the third stage, is marked by the desire of historians to objectively cover the role of monopolies, but the problems of monopolization in the Russian Empire are covered mainly in single explorations or in complex works on the history of late XIX – early XX centuries. It is concluded that the analysis of historiography of industrial monopolization’s history in the Russian Empire showed the fragmentary study of the problem, which determines the importance of its further study.

Shanghai Illustrations

Art Worlds ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Wue
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Illustrated Books ◽  
Popular Audience

Focuses on the active participation of artists in Shanghai’s publishing industry, specifically their contributions to the treaty port’s illustrated books and magazines. Capitalizing on the new technology of lithography, Shanghai rose swiftly to become China’s center of publishing in the late Qing, and pictures by Shanghai artists featured prominently in the city’s new mass media. By using case studies of several publishing projects from this period, including illustrated books and artist designs for magazine inserts, this chapter investigates how artists expanded their reputations, accessed a large urban readership and developed a mode of lithographed imagery that addressed a popular audience in their accessibility, topicality and playfulness.

Reinventing Licentiousness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yvon Wang
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Globalized World

This book navigates an overlooked history of representation during the transition from the Qing Empire to the Chinese Republic — a time when older, hierarchical notions of licentiousness were overlaid by a new, pornographic regime. The book draws on previously untapped archives to argue that pornography in China represents a unique configuration of power and desire that both reflects and shapes historical processes. On the one hand, since the late imperial period, pornography has democratized pleasure in China and opened up new possibilities of imagining desire. On the other, ongoing controversies over its definition and control show how the regulatory ideas of premodern cultural politics and the popular products of early modern cultural markets have contoured the globalized world. The book emphasizes the material factors, particularly at the grassroots level of consumption and trade, that governed “proper” sexual desire and led to ideological shifts around the definition of pornography. By linking the past to the present and beyond, the book's social and intellectual history showcases circulated pornographic material as a motor for cultural change. The result is an astonishing foray into what historicizing pornography can mean for our understandings of desire, legitimacy, capitalism, and culture.

scholarly journals Pożegnanie z łotrem? Yuan Shikai w świetle nowych badań

2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-527
Author(s):  
Jakub Polit
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
Raison D’État ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Military ◽  
Political Failure ◽  
Personal Tragedy

Parting with a villain? Yuan Shikai in light of new research Yuan Shikai, the military strongman of late Qing Empire, talented administrator and reformer, crucial figure during the 1911 (Xinhai) Republican Revolution, president with dictatorial power and, finally, a self-proclaimed emperor, is the most controversial figure of 20th-century China. After his death during the civil war that his actions provoked, historiography (communist and non-communist) portrayed Yuan as traitor and chief villain. In following years Yuan was almost unanimously denounced by Soviet (S.L. Tikhvinsky, O. Nepomnin) and Western (L. Sharman, E. Hummel) historiography. His first biography, written by Jerome Ch’en in 1960, fully upheld this portrait. Significant studies (1968 and 1977) of Ernest P. Young, based on important primary sources, went unnoticed at the time. It was also the case with Stephen McKinnon’s volume on Yuan as brilliant Qing official in Tianjin and Beijing between 1901 and 1908. During the two last decades of the 20th century some smaller studies changed this unfavorable portrait. In the eyes of Marie-Claire Bergère, Madleine Ch’i, Luke Kwong and Henerietta Harrison, Yuan appears as a far-sighted statesman and defender of Chinese raison d’état. The last biography written by Patrick Fuliang Shan portrays Yuan as an extremely power-hungry and astute politician and as a conservative reformer and modernizer, at the same time. His political failure was both his personal tragedy and a catastrophe of the Chinese nation.

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