scholarly journals “Paltrie Vermin, Cats, Mise, Toads, and Weasils”: Witches, Familiars, and Human-Animal Interactions in the English Witch Trials

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Helen Parish

This article explores the role played by the relationship between witch and familiar in the early modern witch trials. It positions animal familiars at the intersection of early modern belief in witchcraft and magic, examining demonologies, legal and trial records, and print pamphlets. Read together, these sources present a compelling account of human-animal interactions during the period of the witch trials, and shed light upon the complex beliefs that created the environment in which the image of the witch and her familiar took root. The animal familiar is positioned and discussed at the intersection of writing in history, anthropology, folklore, gender, engaging with the challenge articulated in this special issue to move away from mono-causal theories and explore connections between witchcraft, magic, and religion.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-49
Author(s):  
Peter J. Grund ◽  
Matti Peikola ◽  
Johanna Rastas ◽  
Wen Xin

In the Early Modern English period (roughly 1500s–1700s), the use of the letters <u> and <v> went through a change from a positionally constrained system (initial <v>, medial <u>) to a system based on phonetic value, with <u> marking vowel and <v> consonant sounds. The exact dynamics of this transition have received little attention, however, and the standard account is exclusively based on printed sources. Using a dataset of ca. 4,000 examples from over 100 handwritten legal documents from the witch trials in Salem, MA, in 1692–1693, this study indicates that the current narrative is oversimplified and that behind the transition from one system to another lies a complex process of experimentation and variation. The study charts the <u> and <v> usage in the handwriting of nineteen recorders who subscribe to various “mixed” systems that conform neither to the positional nor the phonetic system. In addition to the positional and phonetic constraints, a range of other linguistic and extralinguistic factors appears to have influenced the recorders’ alternation between <u> and <v>, from lexical item and graphotactics to textual history.


ΠΗΓΗ/FONS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Francesca Iurlaro

Riassunto: Il presente contributo cercherà di gettare luce sulla ricezione della Repubblica di Platone (e, insieme, della Poetica di Aristotele) nel dibattito sulla poesia che in Età moderna vide protagonisti, fra gli altri, due importanti giuristi: i fratelli Alberico (1552-1608) e Scipione Gentili (1563-1616). Come giustificano questi autori l’affinità fra poesia e diritto? A quali auctoritates del passato fanno riferimento? Si mostrerà, in primo luogo, in che modo concepiscano tale rapporto; poi, attraverso quali fonti del dibattito cinquecentesco sulla poesia ne articolino gli estremi concettuali e, infine, come la lezione della Repubblica platonica possa chiarire la natura di tale dibattito, generalmente definito di matrice aristotelica piuttosto che platonica. Si vedrà come il rapporto fra poesia e diritto sia articolato, da un lato, attraverso una qualificazione dell’atto poético come analogo al procedimento retorico, proprio in aperta polemica con Platone; e dall’altro, come il rifiuto omerico espresso da Platone nella Repubblica apra una breccia ai due fratelli Gentili per affermare il primato di un altro poeta: Virgilio. Si concluderà suggerendo che l’analogia fra giustizia e poesia presente nella Repubblica costituisca una possibile chiave interpretativa del rapporto fra diritto e poesia, poiché è la presenza (non dichiarata) di un criterio platonico di giustizia a conferire validità normativa all’exemplum poetico.Parole chiave: poesia, ius gentium, retorica, Repubblica di Platone, Alberico Gentili, Scipione GentiliAbstract: The present contribution will shed light on the reception of Plato’s Republic (as well as of Aristotle’s Poetics) within the context of the early modern debate concerning poetry and poetic theory. Among the protagonists of this vivid debate, the two brothers and jurists Alberico (1552-1608) and Scipio Gentili (1563-1616) played a significant role in vindicating the existence of a strong relationship between law and poetry. In order to address this question, it has first to be assessed to which auctoritates of the past they relied upon to justify this relationship (and how they conceive of it); secondly, this article will read this phenomenon within the context of the 16th century debate concerning poetic theory. In this respect, Plato’s Republic plays a fundamental role in clarifying the conceptual stakes of such debate. In this perspective, I will argue that the relationship between law and poetry is addressed by both the Gentili brothers in terms of an analogy between poetry and rhetoric, and between rhetoric and law (in an anti-Platonic vein); on the other hand, the Gentilis seem to support Plato’s rejection of Homeric poetry in order to assess the primacy of another poet: Virgil. To conclude with, I will suggest that the parallel between poetry and justice (drawn by Plato in his Republic) might provide a possible interpretation of the relationship between law and poetry in the thoughts of Alberico and Scipio Gentili, where an implicit platonic criterion of justice seems to validate the legitimacy of the poetic exemplum.Keywords: poetry, ius gentium, rhetoric, Plato's Republic, Alberico Gentili, Scipio Gentili


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Calaresu

Abstract All of the articles in this special issue show the necessity of having to combine different kinds of sources—texts with images, images with objects, and objects with absences—to build an integrated history of the material worlds of food in the early modern period. They also reflect newer approaches to materiality which are sensitive to the relationship between matter and the senses and consider the haptic, visual, olfactory, and even aural aspects of cooking and eating alongside taste. In turn, the tastes of collectors and the fragility and absence of source material also need to be taken into consideration in order to write a meaningful cultural and social history of food. Despite the ephemeral nature of eating and cooking, this special issue shows that the sources studied by historians of material culture of the early modern period are remarkably rich, and their analysis fruitful.


2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Rowlands

Abstract This article enhances our understanding of the development and dynamism of early modern witch stereotypes by focusing on the stereotype of the witch-cleric, the Christian minister imagined by early modern people as working for the devil instead of God, baptizing people into witchcraft, working harmful magic and even officiating at witches’ gatherings. I show how this stereotype first developed in relation to Catholic clerics in demonology, print culture and witch-trials, then examine its emergence in relation to Protestant clerics in Germany and beyond, using case studies of pastors from the Lutheran territory of Rothenburg ob der Tauber from 1639 and 1692 to explore these ideas in detail. I also offer a broader comparison of beliefs about Protestant witch-clerics and their susceptibility to formal prosecution with their Catholic counterparts in early modern Germany, showing that cases involving Protestant witch-clerics were part of a cross-confessional phenomenon that is best understood in a comparative, Europe-wide perspective. In addition to showing how the witch-cleric stereotype changed over time and spread geographically, I conclude by arguing that three distinct variants of this stereotype had emerged by the seventeenth century: the Catholic ‘witch-priest’ and Protestant ‘witch-pastor’ (who were supposedly witches themselves) and the overzealous clerical ‘witch-master’, who was thought to do the devil’s work by helping persecute innocent people for witchcraft. Despite these stereotypes, however, relatively few clerics of either confession were tried and executed as witches; overall, patriarchy worked to protect men of the cloth from the worst excesses of witch persecution.


2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne Roberts ◽  
Ghazal Zulfiqar

While the feminist literature on social reproduction is broad and diverse, one area that has remained relatively under-explored relates to the linkages between social reproduction and finance, particularly between social reproduction and household debt. In our contribution to this Special Issue, we seek to document and to analyse the structural linkages between social reproduction and debt, with a specific focus on pawnbroking in early modern England and contemporary Pakistan. We have four main aims in this article. Our first aim is to contribute to feminist theorizing about social reproduction by showing both how the daily and generational reproduction of households has relied upon historically specific forms of credit and how these social relations of credit/debt have been central to the development and reproduction of capitalism in different times and places. Second, we show how particular forms of ‘everyday finance’ are gendered and, specifically, how they are feminized. Our third aim is to elucidate the relationship between pawn loans, which have received almost no attention from feminist or other critical political economists, and the social reproduction of households in England and Pakistan. Fourth, we elucidate some of the gendered implications of the growing incursion of masculinized capitalist finance into new spaces of everyday life.


Rural History ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Davies

In a recent article Willem de Blécourt highlighted how little we really know about cunning-folk in the context of European witchcraft, and stressed the need for further substantial research. The study of English cunning-folk in the early modern period has been well served by the work of Keith Thomas and Alan Macfarlane, but their respective chapters are, nevertheless, tantalising rather than conclusive. Although in the last twenty-five years early-modern historians have continued to take a strong interest in the witch-trials, and the social dynamics of witch-accusations, cunning-folk have, by and large, been neglected. De Blécourt also remarked upon the paucity of relevant research on cunning-folk in the period after the trials. This observation is particularly applicable to British historiography, and it is the purpose of this present paper to begin to redress this imbalance. Most work on cunning-folk has tended to concentrate on what they did, rather than on who they were.


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 0-368
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cuffel ◽  
Ophira Gamliel

The essays in this special issue are based on the proceedings of the workshop Eastern Jews and Christians in Interaction and Exchange in the Islamic World and Beyond: A Comparative View held in Jerusalem and Raʿanana in June 2016. Accordingly, the essays address interreligious encounters in the Islamic world and beyond, examining social and religious attitudes towards religious Others in a wide range of disciplinary approaches. What binds these essays together is an attempt to shed light on a little-known history of Jewish-Christian relations in premodern Asia and Africa, a subject that stands at the heart of the research project Jews and Christians in the East: Strategies and Interactions between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.


1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. McDonald

To investigate beliefs about healing in early modern Scotland, records of 61 witch trials were examined. Thirty-three were found to include healing in the charges. Seventeen described cures involving black magic, in which disease supposedly caused by the witch was removed or illness was transferred to another individual. Twenty-two included cures by white magic, ie. herbal remedies and non-harmful magical rites. Most cases citing cures by black magic included charges of other black magic. However, several trials describing white magical cures make no mention of black magic. Most of the accused were probably implicated through confessions by other witches. Others may have had psychiatric problems and made fantastical statements. Some were antisocial individuals reported as witches by neighbours. Few were tried primarily for their healing activities.


1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Chajes

AbstractThe century 1550-1650 has been called "the Age of the Demoniac" by European historians who have analyzed the prominent role played by the possessed in numerous witch-trials during this period, as well as the propagandistic uses of demonic possession in the era of the Counter-Reformation. Noting that accounts of demonic possession among Jews reappear in Jewish sources after an absence of more than a millennium precisely in this period (c. 1540), J. H. Chajes here assesses the nature of the relationship, if any, between the Christian phenomenon and its Jewish analogue. Chajes identifies many elements common to the Jewish and Christian constructions of the phenomenon and its treatment (exorcism). Many of these, however, are near universals as far as spirit possession is concerned; the emphasis in the Jewish construction of possession on reincarnation and the locus of the Jewish "proliferation" in Ottoman Galilee further complicates the positing of direct Christian influence upon the Jewish developments. Instead, Chajes suggests that the Jewish proliferation of spirit possession arose for reasons analogous to those which fueled the proliferation in Christian Europe. These include inter-religious rivalry, efforts to reform the religiosity of the masses, and efforts to enhance and strengthen clerical authority. Moreover, the idiom of possession served to express the frustrated sexuality of the victims (nearly all female), as well as the stresses associated with life in pietistic religious environments.


Author(s):  
Laura Kounine

This book explores levels of personhood through witch trials in early modern Germany. Witchcraft was not a uniquely female crime; a significant minority of those tried for witchcraft in the Holy Roman Empire were men. Concepts of witchcraft also centred on the notion that emotions could have deadly physical consequences. Not all suspicions led to formal accusations, nor did all trials lead to the stake; just over half of those tried for witchcraft in early modern Europe were executed. To understand how early modern people imagined the witch, we must examine how people understood themselves and others; to grasp how the witch could be a member of the community, yet inspire visceral fear. Through an examination of case studies, this book examines how the community, the church, and the law sought to identify the witch, and how ordinary men and women fought to avoid the stake. It further explores witchcraft in this period to establish why witchcraft could be aligned with strong female stereotypes, but also imagined as a crime that could be committed by male or female, young or old. By moving beyond stereotypes of the witch, this book argues that what constituted witchcraft and the ‘witch’ appears far more contested and unstable than previously thought, and suggests new ways of thinking about early modern selfhood. Indeed, the trial process itself created the conditions for a diverse range of people to give meaning to emotions, gender, and the self in early modern Lutheran Germany.


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