scholarly journals Localization of Aluminum in Epidermal Cells of Mature Tea Leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichi Haruyama ◽  
Tsuguhisa Fujiwara ◽  
Keisuke Yasuda ◽  
Manabu Saito ◽  
Kohtaku Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Beam Particle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Aluminum Distribution

We have determined the distribution of aluminum in the epidermal cells of mature tea leaves using micro-beam particle-induced X-ray emission. The observed pattern of aluminum distribution in the epidermal cells suggests that aluminum exists in cell walls. Silicon exhibits a distribution that is nearly identical to that of aluminum, suggesting co-localization with aluminum.

scholarly journals Silicon location through backscattered electron imaging and X-ray microanalysis in leaves of Cyperus ligularis L. and Rhynchospora aberrans C. B. Clarke (Cyperaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Emília Maranhão Estelita ◽  
Ana Claudia Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Colloidal Silica ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Backscattered Electron Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Backscattered Electron ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Electron Imaging

The Cyperaceae show the ability to incorporate silicon by depositing colloidal silica, which is recorded by the occurrence of projections in the form of cones, in inner tangential walls of some epidermal cells or "silica cells". Leaves of C. ligularis and R. aberrans were analyzed through the technique of electron backscatter. Cyperus ligularis accumulates silica, in addition to "silica cells", in some stomata, trichomes and the cell walls that surround the cavities of the aerenchyma. The silica in the latter occurs in various forms; however, the cells located near the vascular bundles have conical projections, similar to those of the epidermis. Rhynchospora aberrans presents "silica cells" whose projections have tapered "satellites". In this species, silica also occurs in stomata and certain epidermal cells adjacent to them. It appears that the silicon deposition occurs in combination with the wall (with no apparent structural changes), and structures of secretion, or projections of the wall. These structural changes in the species, and location, are probably related to functional and environmental factors, especially the soil, in addition to relation with taxonomic groups.

A comparison between one non-invasive and three invasive procedures used in the preparation of plant material for X-Ray microanalysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Patrick Echlin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Local Permeability ◽  
Tea Plants

It is generally accepted that accurate quantitative elemental x-ray microanalysis of bio-organic material depends critically on the way the sample is treated before it is analysed. It is axiomatic that preparative procedures which change the local permeability of samples are going to be less useful than procedures which do not affect this critical property of cells and tissues, particularly if highly diffusible electolytes are the focus of any investigation. Thus we generally eschew ambient temperature methods in favour of low temperature techniques which either slow down or halt diffusion processes. As part of a larger study on the distribution and local concentration of aluminium in the developing leaves of tea plants, which under some circumstances can be as high 30,000ppm, a comparative study has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of four preparative techniques in retaining this element in the cell walls and vacuoles of older tea leaves which are know to contain more aluminium than younger leaves.

scholarly journals Visualising Silicon in Plants: Histochemistry, Silica Sculptures and Elemental Imaging

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gea Guerriero ◽  
Ian Stokes ◽  
Nathalie Valle ◽  
Jean-Francois Hausman ◽  
Christopher Exley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Imaging ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Plant Vigour ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Imaging Approach ◽  
General Improvement

Silicon is a non-essential element for plants and is available in biota as silicic acid. Its presence has been associated with a general improvement of plant vigour and response to exogenous stresses. Plants accumulate silicon in their tissues as amorphous silica and cell walls are preferential sites. While several papers have been published on the mitigatory effects that silicon has on plants under stress, there has been less research on imaging silicon in plant tissues. Imaging offers important complementary results to molecular data, since it provides spatial information. Herein, the focus is on histochemistry coupled to optical microscopy, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy of microwave acid extracted plant silica, techniques based on particle-induced X-ray emission, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and mass spectrometry imaging (NanoSIMS). Sample preparation procedures will not be discussed in detail, as several reviews have already treated this subject extensively. We focus instead on the information that each technique provides by offering, for each imaging approach, examples from both silicifiers (giant horsetail and rice) and non-accumulators (Cannabis sativa L.).

Non-cellulosic structural polysaccharides in algal cell walls I. Xylan in siphoneous green algae

1964 ◽  
Vol 160 (980) ◽  
pp. 293-313 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Repeat Distance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Face View ◽  
Half Turn ◽  
Parallel Arrays

The cell walls of a number of marine algae, namely species of Bryopsis, Caulerpa, Udotea, Halimeda and Penicillus and of one freshwater alga, Dichotomosiphon , are examined using both chemical and physical techniques. It is shown that, with the possible exception of Bryopsis , cellulose is completely absent and that the walls contain instead β -l,3-linked xylan as the structural polysaccharide. Bryopsis contains, in addition, a glucan which is most abundant in the outer layers of the wall and which stains like cellulose. The xylan is microfibrillar but the microfibrils are more strongly adherent than they are in cellulose, and in some species appear in the electron microscope to be joined by short crossed rod-like bodies. The orientation of the microfibrils is found to vary, ranging from a net tendency to transverse orientation through complete randomness to almost perfect longitudinal alinement. The microfibrils are negatively birefringent, so that all walls seen in optical section, and all parallel arrays of microfibrils whether in face view or in section (except strictly transverse section) are negatively birefringent. With Bryopsis , the negative birefringence in face view is overcompensated by the positive birefringence of the incrusting glucan so that the true birefringence of the crystalline polysaccharide is observed only after the glucan is removed. The X-ray diagram of parallel arrays of microfibrils as found, for instance, in Penicillus dumetosus shows that the xylan chains are helically coiled, in harmony with the negative birefringence. It is deduced that the microfibrils consist of hexagonally packed, double-stranded helices. The diameter of the helices increases with increasing relative humidity, as water is taken into the lattice, from 13.7 Å in material dried over phosphorus pentoxide to a maximum of 1.54 Å at 65 % relative humidity when the xylan contains 30 % of its weight as water. The repeat distance along the helix axis ranges from 5.85 Å (dry) to 6.06 Å (wet), the length of a half turn of each helix containing three xylose residues. The incrusting substances in these walls often include a glucan which is said also to be 1,3-linked. The significance of the extensive differences between this xylan and cellulose are examined both as regards some of the physical properties of the respective cell walls and in relation to the taxonomic position of these plants.

scholarly journals Soft X-ray Spectromicroscopy: A Versatile Tool to Probe Pristine Plant Cell Walls

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (S2) ◽  
pp. 358-359
Author(s):  
Hayato Hiraki ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Jarvis Stobbs ◽  
Chithra Karunakaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Versatile Tool

The epidermis in Passerina/ (Thymelaeaceae): structure, function and taxonomic significance

Bothalia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Bredenkamp ◽  
A. E. Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Cell Orientation ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Epidermal Features ◽  
Structural Adaptations

Epidermal features were studied in all 17 species of Passerina, a genus endemic to southern Africa. Leaves in Passerina are inversely ericoid, the adaxial surface concave and the abaxial surface convex. Leaves are inversely dorsiventral and epistomatic. The adaxial epidermis is villous, with unicellular, uniseriate trichomes and relatively small thin-walled cells, promoting flexibility of leaf margins owing to turgor changes. In common with many other Thymelaeaceae, abaxial epidermal cells are large and tanniniferous with mucilaginous cell walls. The cuticle is adaxially thin, but abaxially well devel­oped, probably enabling the leaf to restrict water loss and to tolerate high light intensity and UV-B radiation. Epicuticular waxes, present in all species, comprise both soft and plate waxes. Epidermal structure proves to be taxonomically impor­tant at family, genus and species levels. Interspecific differences include arrangement of stomata and presence or absence of abaxial epidermal hair. Other diagnostic characters of the abaxial epidermal cells are arrangement,size and shape, cutic- ular ornamentation and presence or absence of wax platelets. Two groups of species on the basis of abaxial epidermal cell orientation are recognised. Many leaf epidermal features in Passerina are interpreted as structural adaptations to the Mediterranean climate of the Cape.

Herbicide Dispersal Patterns: HI. as a Function of Formulation

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Hess ◽  
D. E. Bayer ◽  
R. H. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Scanning Electron

The distribution patterns of several herbicide formulations sprayed on adaxial leaf surfaces were determined using scanning electron microscopy coupled with cathodoluminescence and x-ray microanalysis. The sodium and amine salts of MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy] acetic acid} sprayed on sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) leaves appeared as discrete deposits above the anticlinal cell walls that represented the location of spray drops that adhered to the leaf. When the sodium salt was applied to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.], the pattern of distribution was the same; however, each deposit was significantly smaller. The iso-octyl ester of MCPA coalesced into numerous, small, thick deposits on the cuticle of sugar beet leaves. The distribution of a wettable powder formulation of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino-s-triazine] appeared as uniform deposits over the anticlinal and periclinal cell walls that represented the location of aqueous spray drops after application. When a flowable formulation of atrazine was applied, there was a significant preferential accumulation of the herbicide at the edges of the separate deposits. One commercial formulation of propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) yielded deposits that were crystalline, one that was partially crystalline, and one that was noncrystalline.

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