scholarly journals Process Behavior and Product Quality in Fertilizer Manufacturing Using Continuous Hopper Transfer Pan Granulation—Experimental Investigations

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1439
Author(s):  
Mateusz Przywara ◽  
Robert Dürr ◽  
Eric Otto ◽  
Achim Kienle ◽  
Dorota Antos
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Operation Parameter ◽  
Operation Parameters

Fertilizers are commonly used to improve the soil quality in both conventional and organic agriculture. One such fertilizer is dolomite for which soil application in granulated form is advantageous. These granules are commonly produced from ground dolomite powder in continuous pan transfer granulators. During production, the granulator’s operation parameters affect the granules’ properties and thereby also the overall performance of the fertilizer. To ensure product granules of certain specifications and an efficient overall production, process control and intensification approaches based on mathematical models can be applied. However, the latter require high-quality quantitative experimental data describing the effects of process operation parameters on the granule properties. Therefore, in this article, such data is presented for a lab-scale experimental setup. Investigations were carried out into how variations in binder spray rate, binder composition, feed powder flow rate, pan inclination angle, and angular velocity affect particle size distribution, mechanical stability, and humidity. Furthermore, in contrast to existing work samples from both, pan granules and product granules are analyzed. The influence of operation parameter variations on the differences between both, also known as trajectory separation, is described quantitatively. The results obtained indicate an increase in the average particle size with increasing binder flow rate to feed rate and increasing binder concentration and the inclination angle of the pan. Compressive strength varied significantly depending on the operating parameters. Significant differences in properties were observed for the product and the intermediate (pan) samples. In fact, for some operation parameters, e.g., binder feed rate, the magnitude of the separation effect strongly depends on the specific value of the operation parameter. The presented concise data will enable future mathematical modeling of the pan granulation process, e.g., using the framework of population balance equations.

Determination of grinding parameters of fenugreek seed

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Balasubramanian ◽  
Rajkumar Rajkumar ◽  
K K Singh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Fenugreek Seeds ◽  
Fenugreek Seed

Experiment to identify ambient grinding conditions and energy consumed was conducted for fenugreek. Fenugreek seeds at three moisture content (5.1%, 11.5% and 17.3%, d.b.) were ground using a micro pulverizer hammer mill with different grinding screen openings (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and feed rate (8, 16 and 24 kg h-1) at 3000 rpm. Physical properties of fenugreek seeds were also determined. Specific energy consumptions were found to decrease from 204.67 to 23.09 kJ kg-1 for increasing levels of feed rate and grinder screen openings. On the other hand specific energy consumption increased with increasing moisture content. The highest specific energy consumption was recorded for 17.3% moisture content and 8 kg h-1 feed rate with 0.5 mm screen opening. Average particle size decreased from 1.06 to 0.39 mm with increase of moisture content and grinder screen opening. It has been observed that the average particle size was minimum at 0.5 mm screen opening and 8 kg h-1 feed rate at lower moisture content. Bond’s work index and Kick’s constant were found to increase from 8.97 to 950.92 kWh kg-1 and 0.932 to 78.851 kWh kg-1 with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening, respectively. Size reduction ratio and grinding effectiveness of fenugreek seed were found to decrease from 4.11 to 1.61 and 0.0118 to 0.0018 with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening, respectively. The loose and compact bulk densities varied from 219.2 to 719.4 kg m-3 and 137.3 to 736.2 kg m-3, respectively.  

scholarly journals Study on the Shear Band of Sand with Various Particle Characteristics Using PIV Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 06005
Author(s):  
Shintaro Kajiyama ◽  
Yukio Nakata ◽  
Ryota Miyamoto ◽  
Masato Taue
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Shear Band ◽  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Sample Standard Deviation ◽  
Particle Characteristics ◽  
Coral Sand ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Toyoura Sand

The phenomenon of ground undergoing large plastic deformation, leading to collapse, occurs due to the localization of unstable deformation. The investigation of shear band is important in order to understand the destructive phenomenon. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted on sands with different particle characteristics so that behaviour of the shear band of sand under plane strain compression could be investigated. Specifically, Toyoura sand and two kinds of coral sand, hereafter referred to as coral sand A (with smaller average particle size) and coral sand B (with larger average particle size) were used. The shear band was evaluated using PIV (Partial Image Velocimetry) analysis. As a result, it became clear that the relationship between shear inclination angle and internal friction angle does not hold for the two kinds of coral sand because the shear inclination angle is low. The ratio of the average value of the shear band width to the average grain size at the peak was 10 to 20 times, 7 to 10 times, and 5 to 8 times in the order of Toyoura sand, coral sand A, and coral sand B. The sample standard deviation was 0.1 to 0.9 mm, 0.9 to 1.6 mm, and 1.4 to 1.9 mm.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Mikroemulsi Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) Dengan Pembawa Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Polisorbat 80, dan Sorbitol

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvi Putri Irawati ◽  
Dina Rahmawanty ◽  
Mia Fitriana
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Polysorbate 80 ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Patchouli Alcohol ◽  
Pogostemon Cablin

ABSTRAK Minyak nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) mengandung patchouli alcohol yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Pembuatan mikroemulsi dapat membantu minyak nilam menembus lapisan kulit untuk menghindari kerutan pada kulit. Mikroemulsi terdiri dari surfaktan, kosurfaktan, minyak dan air. Polisorbat 80 digunakan sebagai surfaktan yang apabila dikombinasikan dengan VCO akan membentuk ukuran globul mikroemulsi yang kecil. Sorbitol sebagai kosurfaktan untuk membantu menurunkan tegangan antarmuka. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menetapkan konsentrasi Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), polisorbat 80 dan sorbitol yang dapat diformulasikan sebagai sediaan mikroemulsi minyak nilam yang memenuhi karaketristik fisik yang baik. Karakterisasi dilakukan dengan pengujian organoleptis, ukuran partikel, tipe emulsi, bobot jenis, pH, viskositas dan uji stabilitas mekanik dengan sentrifugasi. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan formula mikroemulsi yang optimum adalah F1 dengan komponen 1,96%b/b VCO, 15,68%b/b polisorbat 80, dan 1,96%b/b sorbitol. Mikroemulsi minyak nilam secara organoleptis tidak berwarna, beraroma nilam dan transparan. Ukuran partikel yang diperoleh yaitu 4,691±0,08 µm, tipe mikroemulsi adalah tipe M/A, bobot jenis sebesar 1,0278±0,0004, nilai pH yaitu 7,273±0,015 dan nilai viskositas adalah 15cPs. Hasil uji sentrifugasi menunjukkan sediaan mikroemulsi transparan dan tidak terjadi pemisahan fase. Kesimpulannya adalah konsentrasi VCO, polisorbat 80 dan sorbitol pada F1 dapat diformulasikan sediaan mikroemulsi yang memenuhi sifat fisik yang baik. Kata kunci: minyak nilam, mikroemulsi, VCO, polisorbat 80, sorbitol ABSTRACT Patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) containing patchouli alcohol that has potential antioxidant effect. Patchouli oil have to be formulated in microemulsion dosage forms to increase the stability and to help its penetration through human skin. Microemulsion consisting of surfactant, co-surfactant, oil and water. Polysorbate 80 was used as surfactant, the combine of polysorbate 80 and VCO can produce smaller microemulsion globule. Sorbitol was used as co-surfactant to help decrease interfacial tension. The purpose of this study was to assign the concentration of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), polysorbate 80 and sorbitol that could be processed as microemulsion of patchouli oil which had the best characteristic. The microemulsion characterization were includes organoleptic test, particle size measurement, specific gravity, type of emulsion, pH, viscosity and mechanical stability with centrifugation test. The results of observations showed that optimum formula was F1 with 1.96%w/w VCO, 15.68%w/w polysorbate 80, and 1.96%w/w sorbitol. This formula had clear, colorless organoleptic, and aromatic patchouli oil. The average particle size was 4.691±0.08 µm, the type of microemulsion was o/w, the specific gravity was 1,0278±0,0004, pH 7,273±0,015 and theviscosity was 15cPs. The microemulsion was stable with centrifugation test. The conclusion of this study was the microemulsion could be made by F1 formula. Keywords: patchouli oil, microemulsions, VCO, polysorbate 80, sorbitol

Parametric Evaluation for Extraction of Catechin from Areca Catechu Linn Seeds using Supercritical CO2 Extraction

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syafiq Hazwan Ruslan ◽  
Mohd Azizi Che Yunus ◽  
Zuhaili Idham ◽  
Noor Azian Morad ◽  
Asmadi Ali
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Solvent Flow Rate ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Solvent Flow

Supercritical fluid extraction is an advanced extraction technique which has been proven its efficiency and selectivity in numerous studies. Dense gas with diffusivity nearing liquid and viscosity closed to gas phase, supercritical fluid can provide better performance in the extraction of natural and heat sensitive active compounds. Areca Catechu Linn or commonly known as betel nut can be easily found in tropical country especially in south-east and south of Asia with India as its world largest producer. Phenolic compound present in Areca Catechu Linn are condensed tannins and also catechin. Catechin is a highly active compound with several properties such as anti-depressant, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-flammatory and anti-aging which are in demand by cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study is to determine the best particle size, solvent flow rate, presence of modifier or co-solvent, and time of extraction for this pre-treatment study. Average particle size of 0.1774 mm (dp4) was detected as the best particle size for the extraction process with 3 mL/min solvent flow rate with 5% methanol added to solvent. Modifier presence enhances the extraction by improving the ability to extract more polar compound such as catechin. The best catechin recovery was observed at 3mL/min, solvent composition of 95:5 (SC-CO2:MeOH) at the temperature of 70ᵒC and pressure of 30 MPa with 47.38 μg catechin/g extracts.

Grinding Characteristics of Coriander Seed with Reference to Physical Properties and Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Balasubramanian S ◽  
Raj kumar ◽  
Ram Awatar ◽  
KK Singh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Work Index ◽  
Coriander Seed

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) at three moisture content (5.7, 11.4 and 17.2 %, db) were ground using a micro pulverizer hammer mill with different grinder screen openings (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm) and feed rate (8, 16 and 24 kg/h) at 3000 rpm. Specific energy consumption were found decreased from 204.67 to 23.09 kJ/kg for increased levels of feed rate and grinder screen openings. The highest specific energy consumption was recorded for 17.2 % moisture content and 8 kg/h feed rate with 0.5 mm screen opening. Average particle size decreased from 0.99 to 0.47 mm with increase of moisture content and decrease in grinder screen opening. It has been observed that the average particle size was minimum at 0.5 mm screen opening and 8 kg/h feed rate. Bond's work index and Kick's constant were increased from 0.61 to 3.07 kWh/kg, 0.073 to 0.324 kWh/kg with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening, respectively. Size reduction ratio and grinding effectiveness of coriander seed were found decreased from 4.92 to 2.29 and 0.002 to 1.600 with the increase of moisture content, feed rate and grinder screen opening. The loose and compact bulk densities varied from 210 to 475 kg/m3 and 231 to 550 kg/m3, respectively for various mass fractions of sieve analysis. Bond's work index and Kick's constants were affected significantly by feed rate and moisture content for all screen openings except 0.5 mm.

Formulating SLN and NLC as Innovative Drug Delivery Systems for Non-Invasive Routes of Drug Administration

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (22) ◽  
pp. 3623-3656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Fonseca-Santos ◽  
Patrícia Bento Silva ◽  
Roberta Balansin Rigon ◽  
Mariana Rillo Sato ◽  
Marlus Chorilli
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Non Invasive

Colloidal carriers diverge depending on their composition, ability to incorporate drugs and applicability, but the common feature is the small average particle size. Among the carriers with the potential nanostructured drug delivery application there are SLN and NLC. These nanostructured systems consist of complex lipids and highly purified mixtures of glycerides having varying particle size. Also, these systems have shown physical stability, protection capacity of unstable drugs, release control ability, excellent tolerability, possibility of vectorization, and no reported production problems related to large-scale. Several production procedures can be applied to achieve high association efficiency between the bioactive and the carrier, depending on the physicochemical properties of both, as well as on the production procedure applied. The whole set of unique advantages such as enhanced drug loading capacity, prevention of drug expulsion, leads to more flexibility for modulation of drug release and makes Lipid-based nanocarriers (LNCs) versatile delivery system for various routes of administration. The route of administration has a significant impact on the therapeutic outcome of a drug. Thus, the non-invasive routes, which were of minor importance as parts of drug delivery in the past, have assumed added importance drugs, proteins, peptides and biopharmaceuticals drug delivery and these include nasal, buccal, vaginal and transdermal routes. The objective of this paper is to present the state of the art concerning the application of the lipid nanocarriers designated for non-invasive routes of administration. In this manner, this review presents an innovative technological platform to develop nanostructured delivery systems with great versatility of application in non-invasive routes of administration and targeting drug release.

Azithromycin nanosuspension preparation using evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution (EPAS) method and its comparative dissolution study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossain Shariare ◽  
Tonmoy Kumar Mondal ◽  
Hani Alothaid ◽  
Md. Didaruzzaman Sohel ◽  
MD Wadud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Total Drug ◽  
Residual Solvent ◽  
Dissolution Study ◽  
Drug Content

Aim: EPAS (evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution) was used in the current studies to prepare azithromycin nanosuspensions and investigate the physicochemical characteristics for the nanosuspension batches with the aim of enhancing the dissolution rate of the nanopreparation to improve bioavailability. Methods: EPAS method used in this study for preparing azithromycin nanosuspension was achieved through developing an in-house instrumentation method. Particle size distribution was measured using Zetasizer Nano S without sample dilution. Dissolved azithromycin nanosuspensions were also compared with raw azithromycin powder and commercially available products. Total drug content of nanosuspension batches were measured using an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) system with Photodiode Array (PDA) detector while residual solvent was measured using gas chromatography (GC). Results: The average particle size of azithromycin nanosuspension was 447.2 nm and total drug content was measured to be 97.81% upon recovery. Dissolution study data showed significant increase in dissolution rate for nanosuspension batch when compared to raw azithromycin and commercial version (microsuspension). The residual solvent found for azithromycin nanosuspension is 0.000098023 mg/ mL or 98.023 ppb. Conclusion: EPAS was successfully used to prepare azithromycin nanoparticles that exhibited significantly enhanced dissolution rate. Further studies are required to scale up the process and determine long term stability of the nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effects of Filler Fineness on the Properties of an Epoxy Asphalt Mixture

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2003
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Jintao Wei ◽  
Zhengxiong Chen ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Jian Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Bonding Structure ◽  
Epoxy Asphalt ◽  
Mineral Powder ◽  
Marshall Stability ◽  
Mixture Sample

The type and fineness of a filler significantly affect the performance of an asphalt mixture. There is a lack of specific research on the effects of filler fineness and dust from aggregates on the properties of epoxy asphalt (EA) mixtures. The effects of aggregate dust and mineral powder on the properties of an EA mixture were evaluated. These filler were tested to determine their fineness, specific surface area and mineral composition. The effects of these fillers on the EA mastic sample and mixture were evaluated. The morphology of the EA mastic samples was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of the fillers on the Marshall stability, tensile strength and fatigue performance of the EA mixture were evaluated. The dust from the aggregates exhibited an even particle size distribution, and its average particle size was approximately 20% of that of the mineral powder. The SEM microanalysis showed that the EA mastic sample containing relatively fine dust formed a tight and dense interfacial bonding structure with the aggregate. The EA mixture sample containing filler composed of dust from aggregate had a significantly higher strength and longer fatigue life than that of the EA sample containing filler composed of mineral powder.

scholarly journals Surface Activity of Humic Acid and Its Sub-Fractions from Forest Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8122
Author(s):  
Shijie Tian ◽  
Weiqiang Tan ◽  
Xinyuan Wang ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Fanhao Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Surface Activity ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Average Particle

Surface activity of humic acid (HA) and its six sub-fractions isolated from forest soil were characterized by surface tension measurements, dynamic light scattering, and laser doppler electrophoresis. The surface tension of HA and its sub-fractions reduced from 72.4 mN·m−1 to 36.8 mN·m−1 in exponential model with the increasing concentration from 0 to 2000 mg·L−1. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and Z-average particle size ranged from 216–1024 mg·L−1 and 108.2–186.9 nm for HA and its sub-fractions, respectively. The CMC have related with alkyl C, O-alkyl C, aromatic C, and carbonyl C (p < 0.05), respectively, and could be predicted with the multiple linear regression equation of CMC, CMC = 18896 − 6.9 × C-296 × alkyl C-331 × aromatic C-17019 × H/C + 4054 × HB/HI (p < 0.05). The maximum particle size was 5000 nm after filtered by a membrane with pore size of 450 nm, indicating HA and its sub-fractions could progressed self-assembly at pH 6.86. The aggregate sizes of number-base particle size distributions were mainly in six clusters including 2 ± 1 nm, 5 ± 2 nm, 10 ± 3 nm, 21 ± 8 nm, 40 ± 10 nm, and >50 nm analyzed by Gaussian model that maybe due to the inconsistency of the components and structures of the HA sub-fractions, requiring further study. It is significance to explore the surface activity of HA and its sub-fractions, which is helpful to clarify the environmental behavior of HA.

Microstructure Characterization of Ag Nanoparticles Prepared by Hydrothermal Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 1138-1141
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Wei ◽  
Qiang Wei ◽  
Li Gang Liu ◽  
Hua Yang ◽  
Xiao Juan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Hydrothermal Method ◽  
Ag Nanoparticles ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Face Centered

Ag nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method under the polyol system combined with traces of sodium chloride, Silver nitrate(AgNO3) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) acted as the silver source and dispersant respectively. The samples by this process were characterized via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption equation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) to determine the chemical composition, particle size, crystal structure and morphology. The experiment results indicate that the crystal structure of the samples is face centered cubic (FCC) structure as same as the bulk materials, The specific surface area is 24 m2/g, the particle size distribution ranging from10 to 50 nm, with an average particle size about 26 nm obtained by TEM and confirmed by XRD and BET results.

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