scholarly journals Optimization of Process Parameters and Kinetics Analysis of Cd Removal in ZnSO4 Production

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Ren ◽  
Xinqian Shu ◽  
Haisheng Li ◽  
Jiushuai Deng ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Zinc Powder ◽  
Diffusion Control ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Optimization Of Process Parameters ◽  
Removal Experiments ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Cd Removal

In order to optimize the process parameters of Cd removal in the ZnSO4 production process and study the mechanism of Cd removal reaction, the response surface methodology was used to arrange Cd removal experiments and analyze the optimal production conditions, and the mechanism of Cd removal was studied using kinetics. The results show that the optimal process conditions for Cd removal are as follows: reaction temperature 55 °C, reaction time 13.43 min, and the zinc powder dosage should be 2.14 times that of Cd; the main effects of the three variables from large to small are zinc powder dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time; Cd removal is a second-order reaction, and the activation energy of the reaction is 29.6986 kJ/mol, so the reaction conforms to the diffusion control mechanism.

scholarly journals Microwave Hydrothermal Carbonization of Rice Straw: Optimization of Process Parameters and Upgrading of Chemical, Fuel, Structural and Thermal Properties

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabzoi Nizamuddin ◽  
Sundus Qureshi ◽  
Humair Baloch ◽  
Muhammad Siddiqui ◽  
Pooja Takkalkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Microwave Hydrothermal ◽  
Optimization Of Process Parameters ◽  
Water Ratio

The process parameters of microwave-induced hydrothermal carbonization (MIHTC) play an important role on the hydrothermal chars (hydrochar) yield. The effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, particle size and biomass to water ratio was optimized for hydrochar yield by modeling using the central composite design (CCD). Further, the rice straw and hydrochar at optimum conditions have been characterized for energy, chemical, structural and thermal properties. The optimum condition for hydrochar synthesis was found to be at a 180 °C reaction temperature, a 20 min reaction time, a 1:15 weight per volume (w/v) biomass to water ratio and a 3 mm particle size, yielding 57.9% of hydrochar. The higher heating value (HHV), carbon content and fixed carbon values increased from 12.3 MJ/kg, 37.19% and 14.37% for rice straw to 17.6 MJ/kg, 48.8% and 35.4% for hydrochar. The porosity, crystallinity and thermal stability of the hydrochar were improved remarkably compared to rice straw after MIHTC. Two characteristic peaks from XRD were observed at 2θ of 15° and 26°, whereas DTG peaks were observed at 50–150 °C and 300–350 °C for both the materials. Based on the results, it can be suggested that the hydrochar could be potentially used for adsorption, carbon sequestration, energy and agriculture applications.

Taguchi Approach and ANOVA in Optimization of the Dissolution of Colemanite in CO2 and SO2- Water Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Zafer Ekinci ◽  
Esref Kurdal ◽  
Meltem Kizilca Coruh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Controllable Factors

Background: Turkey is approximately 72% of the world’s boron sources. Colemanite, tincal, ulexite and pandermite are among the most significant in Turkey. Boron compounds and minerals are widely used in many industrial fields. Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the control of impurities in the boric acid production process using colemanite by carrying out the reaction with a mixture of CO2 and SO2 - water, and determining the appropriate process conditions to develop a new process as an alternative to the use of sulfuric acid. Due to worrying environmental problems, intensive studies are being carried out globally to reduce the amount of CO2 and SO2 gases released to the atmosphere. Methods: The Taguchi method is an experimental design method that minimizes the product and process variability by selecting the most appropriate combination of the levels of controllable factors compared to uncontrollable factors. Results: It was evaluated the effects of parameters such as reaction temperature, solid-to liquid ratio, SO2/CO2 gas flow rate, particle size, stirring speed and reaction time. The optimum conditions determined to be reaction temperature of 45°C; a solid–liquid ratio of 0.083 g.mL−1; an SO2/CO2 ratio of 2/2 mL.s−1; a particle size of -0.354+0 .210 mm; a mixing speed of 750 rpm and a reaction time of 20 min. Conclusion: Under optimum operating conditions, 96.8% of colemanite was dissolved. It is thought that the industrial application of this study will have positive effects on the greenhouse effect by contributing to the reduction of CO2 and SO2 emissions that cause global warming.

Optimization of Synthesis Process for Sodium Ascorbate

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chen Wang ◽  
Feng Xia Cui ◽  
Tao Li
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Sodium Ascorbate ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Yield ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Reactant Ratio

With 2-keto-L-gulonic acid(2KLG) and methanol as raw materials, 98% concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst, the methyl esterification reaction is occurred. Then with sodium carbonate as a transforming agent, a conversion reaction sodium carbonate is obtained. In this experiment, the effects of reaction time, reaction temperature and reactant ratio on conversion rate of sodium ascorbate were studied. The results showed that sodium carbonate as the reactant of lactonization reaction can effectively shorten the reaction time and improve reaction yield. By experiment under the optimum process conditions: the reaction temperature is 65 °C, reaction time is 150 minutes and the molar ratio of 2-keto-L-gu methyl to sodium carbonate is 1:0.6, the conversion rate reaches 98 % and the effect is better than with sodium bicarbonate as transforming agent.

scholarly journals A Combined Experimental and Optimization Model to Improve the Machinability of Nimonic C-263 Superalloy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Jadhav ◽  
Chinmaya Prasad Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Optimization Of Process Parameters ◽  
Excellent Mechanical Property ◽  
Single Response ◽  
Optimal Set ◽  
Super Alloy

Nickel based superalloys finds extensive usage in manufacturing of intricate part shapes in gas turbine, aircraft, submarine, and chemical industries owing their excellent mechanical property and heat resistant abilities. However, machining of such difficult-to-machine alloys up to the desired accuracy and preciseness is a complex task owing to a rapid tool wear and failure. In view of this, present work proposes an experimental investigation and optimization of process parameters of the cryogenic assisted turning process during machining of Nimonic C-263 super alloy with a multilayer CVD insert. Taguchi’s L-27 orthogonal array is used plan the experiments. Effect of input parameters viz. cutting speed (N), cutting feed (f), depth of cut (d) are studied on responses viz. surface roughness (SR), nose wear (NW) and cutting forces (F) under hybrid cryogenic (direct+indirect) machining environment. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis is carried out to explore the post-machining outcomes on the performance measures. The multiple responses are converted in to single response and ranked according to Taguchi based gray relational grade (TGRG). Feed rate (f) is found to be the most influential parameter from the analysis of variance of GRG. The means of GRG for each level of process parameters are used to improve the optimal process parameters further. Finally, the confirmative experiment is performed with these optimal set of process parameters which showed an improvement of 9.34% in the value of GRG. The proposed work can be beneficial to choose ideal process conditions to enhance the performance of turning operation.

Hybrid Approach for Optimizing Process Parameters in Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 834 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Pongchanun Luangpaiboon ◽  
Pasura Aungkulanon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Influential Parameters

Biodiesel was synthesized from direct transesterification of palm oil reacted with methanol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. There is a sequence of three consecutive reversible reactions for the transesterification process. These process parameters were optimized via the hybrid optimization approach of a conventional response surface method and artificial intelligence mechanisms from Sine Cosine and Thermal Exchange Optimization metaheuristics. The influential parameters and their combined interaction effects on the transesterification efficiency were established through a factorial designed experiments. In this study, the influential parameters being optimized to obtain the maximum yield of biodiesel were reaction temperature of 60–150°C, reaction time of 1–6 hours, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1–12:1 mol/mol and weight of catalyst of 1–10wt. %. On the first phase, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed the reaction time as the most influential parameter on biodiesel production. Based on the experimental results from the hybrid algorithm via the SCO, it was concluded that the optimal biodiesel yield for the transesterification of palm oil were found to be 100°C for reaction temperature, 4 hours for reaction time, 10:1 wt/wt of ratio methanol to oil and 8% of weight of catalyst with 92.15% and 90.97% of biodiesel yield for expected and experimental values, respectively.

scholarly journals Investigation on the Synthesis Process of Bromoisobutyryl Esterified Starch and Its Sizing Properties: Viscosity Stability, Adhesion and Film Properties

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1936
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Jie Wu ◽  
Zhengqiao Zhang ◽  
Lanjuan Wu ◽  
Yuhao Lu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Graft Copolymers ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Film Properties ◽  
Breaking Elongation ◽  
Viscosity Stability

To confirm the suitable synthesis process parameters of preparing bromoisobutyryl esterified starch (BBES), the influences of the synthesis process parameters—amount of 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB), amount of catalyst (DMAP), reaction temperature and reaction time—upon the degree of substitution (DS) were investigated. Then, to produce a positive effect on the properties of graft copolymers of BBES prepared in the near future, a series of BBES samples were successfully prepared, and their sizing properties, such as apparent viscosity and viscosity stability, adhesion, and film properties, were examined. The BBES granules were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The adhesion was examined by determining the bonding forces of the sized polylactic acid (PLA) and polyester roving. The film properties were investigated in terms of tensile strength, breaking elongation, degree of crystallinity, and cross-section analysis. The results showed that a suitable synthesis process of BBES was: reaction time of 24 h, reaction temperature of 40 °C, and 0.23 in the molar ratio of 4-dimethylaminopyridine to 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide. The bromoisobutyryl esterification played the important roles in the properties of the starch, such as paste stabilities of above 85% for satisfying the requirement in the stability for sizing, improvement of the adhesion to polylactic acid and polyester fibers, and reduction of film brittleness. With rising DS, bonding forces of BBES to the fibers increased and then decreased. BBES (DS = 0.016) had the highest force and breaking elongation of the film. Considering the experimental results, BBES (DS = 0.016) showed potential in the PLA and polyester sizing, and will not lead to a negative influence on the properties of graft copolymers of BBES.

Study on Bio-Fuels Drop Acid by [BSPy]HSO4 Catalytic Esterification

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 2433-2437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Hua Zhang ◽  
Zhi Hong Xiao ◽  
Liang Bo Zhang ◽  
Ru Kuan Liu ◽  
Wu Hong Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Acid Esterification

Research on the synthesis of BrOnsted acidic ionic liquid by the method of solvent, the pyrolysis bio-fuel with cornus wisoniana oil drop acid esterification reaction, the catalyst dosage, reaction time and reaction temperature on the effects of the acid dropping and in the best optimization under the condition of the stability of the catalyst were investigated. The experimental results show that [BSPHSO4 with high catalytic activity, optimization of process conditions as follows: 1.2% of catalyst, reaction temperature 75 °C, reaction time of 70 min, acid value reduced to 2.0 mg KOH/g. By optimizing the cycle experiment, the stability of the catalyst performance is good, the catalytic activity is relatively stable.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae Through Nanocatalytic Transesterification Process.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaishali Mittal ◽  
Uttam Kumar Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Production of biodiesel from microalgae is gaining popularity since it does not compromise food security or the global economy. This article reports biodiesel production with Spirulina microalgae through nanocatalytic transesterification process. The nanocatalyst calcium methoxide Ca(OCH3)2 was synthesized using wet impregnation method and utilized to carry out the transesterification process. The nanocatalyst was characterized to evaluate its structural and spectral characteristics using different characterization techniques such as Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunaeur-Emmett-Teller(BET) measurement for surface area. The result demonstrates that calcium methoxide Ca(OCH3)2 possesses a high catalytic activity compared to a heterogeneous catalyst such as calcium oxide (CaO). The impact of several process parameters such as reaction temperature, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, and reaction time used in the transesterification process was optimized by employing central composite design(CCD) based response surface methodology(RSM). The polynomial regression equation of second order was obtained for methyl esters. The model projected a 99% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield for optimal process parameters of reaction time 3hrs,3 wt.% of Ca(OCH3)2 catalyst loading, 80°C reaction temperature, and 30:1 methanol to oil molar ratio.

Characterization and Process Optimization of Transition Metal Compound Catalyst in CWAO Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
Ping Li ◽  
Yong Li Zhang ◽  
Jin Bing Lin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Metal Compound ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Total System ◽  
Transition Metal Compound ◽  
Influent Concentration

On simulated organic wastewater treatment by catalytic wet oxidation (CWAO) experiments, the transition metal compound Cu-Fe-La/FSC catalysts were characterized by SEM, TEM and FT-IR, and its application in CWAO reaction process conditions were optimized. Catalyst characterization experiments show that the active components on the surface of the Cu-Fe-La/FSC uniformly distribute, and the particle size is 10 to 50 nm; the chemical composition of-OH-and-Al-O-key are remarkable. To optimize the operation process with the orthogonal experiments of catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO), the results show that in the five factors of influencing CODCrremoval rates of wastewater, they are arranged according to the influences on water treatment from high to low: catalyst dose, system total pressure, influent concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time. The optimized operating conditions: catalyst dose of 8 g/L, total system pressure of 2.0 MPa, influent concentration of 3000 mg/L, reaction temperature of 180 °C¡æ, reaction time of 60 min. Under the optimized operating conditions, the CODCrremoval rate of simulated wastewater reached 77.9%.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Fabrication of Wool Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites with Respect to Mechanical Properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 155892501400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Govindaraju ◽  
Srinivasan Jagannathan ◽  
Mohanbharathi Chinnasamy ◽  
P. Kandhavadivu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Compression Molding ◽  
Wool Fiber ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Optimization Of Process Parameters

The present study focused optimizing the process parameters of compression molding with respect to mechanical properties for fabrication of wool fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. An experiment was designed using the Box-Behnken method with three levels and three variables using temperature, time, and pressure, as independent variables and tensile, flexural, and impact strengths as dependent variables. The process conditions were optimized using response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken experimental design. Regression equations were obtained to analyze tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength and the optimum process parameters were identified. The results show that the optimum conditions for compression molding are 176°C, 7 min, and 35 bar.

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