scholarly journals Characterization of Bacillus Species from Market Foods in Beijing, China

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 866
Author(s):  
Qiao Hu ◽  
Yuwen Fang ◽  
Jiajia Zhu ◽  
Wenjiao Xu ◽  
Kui Zhu
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Overlay Technique ◽  
High Level ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
Bacillus Strains

Foodborne diseases have been witnessing a constant rising trend worldwide, mainly caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as Bacillus spp., posing a direct threat to public health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological risk of foodborne and probiotic Bacillus spp. in Beijing markets. A total of 55 Bacillus isolates, including 29 B. cereus, 9 B. licheniformis and 7 B. subtilis, mostly found in dairy products (32.7%), were recovered from 106 samples and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction methods. The susceptibility towards 16 antibiotics was determined using a broth microdilution method. Bacillus showed a high level of resistance to florfenicol (100%), lincomycin (100%), tiamulin (78.2%) and ampicillin (67.3%), while they were all susceptible or intermediate to vancomycin and rifampin. Additionally, we obtained the whole genome of 19 Bacillus strains using high-throughput sequencing, and the rates of resistance genes van, fosB, erm and tet were 57.9%, 57.9%, 21.1% and 26.3%, respectively. Moreover, 100%, 9.1%, 45.5% and 100% of these isolates carried virulence genes nhe, hbl, cytK and entFM, respectively. Lastly, 60% Bacillus strains were positive in hemolysis tests, and 3 B. licheniformis strains displayed an inhibitory activity on the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213 using agar overlay technique. Our study outlines the characteristics of foodborne Bacillus spp. and provides information for the monitoring of food safety.

scholarly journals In vitro activity of the trinem sanfetrinem (GV104326) against gram-positive organisms.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 2142-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
K V Singh ◽  
T M Coque ◽  
B E Murray
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Gentamicin Resistance ◽  
High Level

The in vitro activity of the trinem sanfetrinem (formerly GV104326) (GV) was compared with that of vancomycin, ampicillin, and/or nafcillin against 287 gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multiresistant enterococci, by the agar and microbroth dilution methods. GV demonstrated 2 to 16 times more activity than ampicillin and nafcillin against the majority of these organisms. The MIC range of GV was 16 to 64 micrograms/ml for 19 Enterococcus faecium strains that were highly resistant to ampicillin (ampicillin MIC range, 64 to 512 micrograms/ml) and vancomycin resistant and 0.25 to 32 micrograms/ml for resistant Rhodococcus spp. Similar activities (+/-1 dilution) were observed by either the agar or the broth microdilution method. GV demonstrated bactericidal activity against a beta-lactamase-producing Enterococcus faecalis strain and against two methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains in 10(5)-CFU/ml inocula. Synergy between GV and gentamicin was observed against an E. faecalis strain that lacked high-level gentamicin resistance. The activity of GV suggests this compound warrants further study.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, isolated from blood culture of patients with hematological malignancies during different study periods

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
A. V. Fedorova ◽  
G. A. Klyasova ◽  
I. N. Frolova ◽  
S. A. Khrulnova ◽  
A. V. Vetokhina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
High Level

Objective: to determine antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from blood culture of hematological patients during different study periods.Materials and methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus spp., collected as part of the multicenter study was tested by the broth microdilution method (USA Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 2018), to daptomycin by Etest (bioMeriéux, France). High-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) and high-level streptomycin resistance (HLSR) was performed by the agar dilution method (CLSI (Oxoid, UK), 2018).Results. The susceptibility of 366 E. faecium (157 in 2002-2009 and 209 in 2010-2017) and 86 E. faecalis (44 in 20022009 and 42 in 2010-2017) was studied. In the second study period (2010-2017) the rise of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREF) increased from 8.3 % to 23.4 % (p = 0.0001), and two linezolid-resistant (LREF) were identified. All VREF and LREF remained susceptible to daptomycin and tigecycline. The rate of susceptible to tetracycline E. faecium remained the same (73.9 and 74.6 %), and an increase in susceptibility to chloramphenicol (74.5 and 82.3 %) was observed. Susceptibility of E. faecium to tetracycline was detected with almost the same rate and in a part of isolates, the increase of susceptibility to chloramphenicol was registered during the analyzed periods. The rise of E. faecium susceptible to HLGR and HLSR has increased significantly in 2010-2017 compared to 2002-2009. Erythromycin, levofloxacin, ampicillin and penicillin had the least activity against E. faecium (less than 5 %).All E. faecalis were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid, and teicoplanin. Only one of E. faecalis had intermediate resistance to vancomycin. High susceptibility to ampicillin in E. faecalis remained unchanged (97.7 and 97.6 %, respectively). In the second period of the study the rise of susceptible E. faecalis decreased significantly to penicillin (from 97.7 % to 76.2 %), to levofloxacin (from 59.1 % to 31 %), to HLSR (from 52.3 % до 31 %), and to HLGR (from 47.7 % to 26.2 %), remained unchanged to chloramphenicol (52.3 % and 50 %) and was minimal to erythromycin and tetracycline.Conclusion. The study demonstrated higher rates of antibiotic resistance among E. faecium, which consisted of an increase in VREF and the appearance of linezolid-resistant strains. High susceptibility to ampicillin remained in E. faecalis, but there was an increase in resistance to penicillin and aminoglycosides.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Carbapenemase-Encoding Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yaw Adjei Anane ◽  
Teke Apalata ◽  
Sandeep Vasaikar ◽  
Grace Emily Okuthe ◽  
Sandile Songca
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
High Level ◽  
Encoding Genes

Introduction. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has been responsible for an increasing number of hospital-acquired infections globally. The study investigated the prevalence of carbapenemase-encoding genes in clinical multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains. Materials and Methods. A total of 100 nonduplicate multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains were cultured from clinical samples obtained from healthcare facilities in the O. R. Tambo district. The strains were confirmed by detecting the intrinsic blaOXA-51-like gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by VITEK® 2 and autoSCAN-4 systems. The MIC of imipenem and meropenem was rechecked by E-test. Colistin MIC was confirmed by the broth microdilution method. Real-time PCR was performed to investigate the presence of carbapenemase-encoding genes. Results. Most strains showed high resistance rates (>80%) to the antibiotics tested. Resistance to amikacin, tetracycline, and tigecycline were 50%, 64%, and 48%, respectively. All strains were fully susceptible to colistin. The blaOXA-51-like was detected in all strains whilst blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-58-like, blaOXA-24-like, blaIMP-1, blaVIM, and blaNDM-1 were found in 70%, 8%, 5%, 4%, 3%, and 2% of strains, respectively. None of the tested strains harboured the genes blaSIM and blaAmpC. The coexistence of blaOXA-23-like, and blaIMP-1 or blaOXA-58-like was detected in 1% and 2% strains, respectively. A distinct feature of our findings was the coharbouring of the genes blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-58-like, and blaIMP-1 in 2% strains, and this is the first report in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The intI1 was carried in 80% of tested strains whilst ISAba1/blaOXA-51-like and ISAba1/blaOXA-23-like were detected in 15% and 40% of the strains, respectively. The detection of blaOXA-23-like, ISAba1/blaOXA-51-like, ISAba1/blaOXA-23-like, and blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-58-like, and blaIMP-1 carbapenemases in strains had a significant effect on both imipenem and meropenem MICs. Conclusions. Results showed a high level of oxacillinases producing A. baumannii circulating in our study setting, highlighting the need for local molecular surveillance to inform appropriate management and prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Resistance to erythromycin of Staphylococcus spp. isolates from the food chain

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schlegelova ◽  
H. Vlkova ◽  
V. Babak ◽  
M. Holasova ◽  
Z. Jaglic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Efflux Mechanism ◽  
High Level

The aim of this study was to determine both the occurrence and the genetic basis of resistance to erythromycin among 1 235 <I>Staphylococcus</I> spp. isolates obtained between 2000 and 2006 from (a) raw milk and meat (1 704 samples), (b) foodstuffs produced from these (451 samples), and (c) contact surfaces at processing plants and dairy farms (363 samples) in the Czech Republic. Isolates were screened by broth microdilution method for resistance to erythromycin and further 11 antimicrobial agents. In addition, isolates were screened by agar dilution (erythromycin range 1–128 mg/l) and D-zone test for inducible resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (iMLS<sub>B</sub>). Forty isolates were found to be either resistant, or intermediate, to erythromycin (3.2% of isolates); of these, more than 50% were identified as <I>S. epidermidis</I>. A total of 15 (1.2%) resistant isolates of staphylococci originated from foodstuffs. Resistance mediated by methylation – i.e. iMLS<sub>B</sub>-resistance (10 isolates with the <I>erm</I>(A) or <I>erm</I> (C) gene) and constitutive MLS<sub>B</sub>-resistance (one isolate with the <I>erm</I> (B) and <I>erm</I> (C) genes) – exhibited a significantly high level of resistance to erythromycin with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 64 – >128 mg/l (MIC<sub>mode</sub> = >128 mg/l). In contrast, the efflux mechanism encoded by the <I>msr</I>(A) gene (13 isolates; MIC<sub>range</sub> = 4–128, MIC<sub>mode</sub> = 128 mg/l), the inactivation mechanisms of resistance encoded by the <I>mph</I>(C) gene (three isolates; MIC<sub>range</sub> = 8–32 mg/l), and/or their combination (13 isolates; MIC<sub>range</sub> = 4–128, MIC<sub>mode</sub> = 64 mg/l) led to lower MIC values. The efflux gene <iomsr</I>(A) dominated among the erythromycin-resistant isolates (65% of resistant isolates). This first report on the resistance of <I>Staphylococcus</I> spp. to erythromycin in the Czech Republic illustrates that, while occurrence was low, isolates from food were nevertheless carriers of <I>erm</I> (A), <I>erm</I> (B), <I>erm</I> (C),<I> msr</I>(A) and <I>mph</I>(C) genes for resistance to erythromycin and, therefore, represent a potential thread to humans.

scholarly journals Emergence of NDM-5 Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella aerogenes in a Pediatric Hospital in Shanghai, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fen Pan ◽  
Qi Xu ◽  
Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Klebsiella Aerogenes ◽  
Pediatric Hospital ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Class B ◽  
Horizontal Spread ◽  
High Level

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes (CRKA) has posed a serious threat for clinical anti-infective therapy. However, the molecular characteristics of CRKA in Shanghai are rarely reported.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the resistance profiles, dissemination mechanism, and molecular characteristics of CRKA strains isolated from children in a pediatric hospital, Shanghai.Method: Fifty CRKA isolates were collected in 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains was determined by broth microdilution method. The β-lactamases and outer membrane porin genes were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Conjugation experiments were performed to determine the transferability of the plasmids. The plasmids were typed based on their incompatibility group using the PCR-based replicon typing method. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) were performed for the genetic relationship.Results: All CRKA strains showed high level of resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems, but still susceptible to aminoglycosides, colistin, and tigecycline. Forty five of fifty isolates carried blaNDM−5 genes (45/50, 90%), alongside with other β-Lactamase genes including blaCTX−M−1, blaTEM−1, and blaSHV−11 being detected. Loss of ompK35 and ompK36 genes were observed in 14% (7/50) and 28% (14/50), respectively, with 5 isolates lacking both ompK35 and ompK36. MLST analysis demonstrated that the majority of isolates belonged to ST4 (47/50, 94%) and ERIC-PCR fingerprinting was performed to identify NDM-5-producing isolates with approximately or more than 80% similarity levels. Plasmids carrying blaNDM−5 were successfully transferred to the E. coli recipient and plasmid typing showed that IncX3 were the prevalent among CRKA isolates.Conclusions: Our finding revealed the emergence of NDM-5 producing CRKA belonging to ST4 among children in Shanghai. Further attention should be paid to control the horizontal spread of the Class B carbapenemases like NDM in children.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates with Elevated Resistance to Carbapenems

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasha Barwa ◽  
Mona Shaaban
Keyword(s):  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
High Level ◽  
Urine Specimens

Background: Emergence of carbapenems-resistant K. pneumoniae represents a serious challenge for antimicrobial therapy. Objective: The aim of this research is to determine different mechanisms mediating the emergence of K. pneumoniae isolates with high-level carbapenem resistance. Method: A total of 80 K. pneumoniae isolates were purified from sputum and urine specimens. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of imipenem and meropenem were determined by broth microdilution method. Carbapenemases were detected by Modified Hodge test and PCR. Additionally, the copy numbers of the identified genes (blaVIM-1, blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48) were quantified by RT-PCR. The outer membrane proteins OmpK35 and OmpK36 of the resistant isolates were analyzed. Results: Eight isolates were resistant to carbapenems; six of these isolates possessed elevated MICs to imipenem and meropenem (≥16 µg/ml). Carbapenem resistant isolates harbored blaNDM-1 (n=5), blaVIM-1 (n=4) and blaOXA-48 (n=1) with some isolates had multiple carbapenemases genes. Six isolates with high MICs to imipenem contained multi-copies of the carbapenemases genes along with the lack of OmpK35. Isolates with intermediate resistance to carbapenems (MIC; 4-8 µg/ml) did not exhibit multiple carbapenemases but lacked the OmpK35. Random amplified polymorphic DNA exhibited three different patterns and indicated that five isolates encoded the same pattern P1. Conclusion: This study elucidated that multiple carbapenemases genes, high copy number of carbapenemases and loss of the porin OmpK35 could collectively contribute to the emergence of K. pneumoniae isolates with high resistance to carbapenems. Hence, more restrictions should be applied on the use of carbapenems to reduce the emergence of the resistant clones.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus parasuis isolates associated with porcine pneumonia

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Nedbalcová ◽  
Zdeňka Kučerová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
High Level ◽  
Resistance Rates

Pasteurella multocidaandHaemophilus parasuispig isolates obtained in the Czech Republic were tested for their susceptibility against selected antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution method between 2008 and 2011. A low degree of resistance was observed for ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, tulathromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol and enrofloxacin in 20 (6.0%), 15 (4.5 %), 2 (0.6%), 8 (2.4%), 13 (3.9%), 5 (1.5%) and 5 (1.5%)P. multocidaisolates as well as for tiamulin, gentamicin, tulathromycin, tilmicosin and ampicillin in 2 (2.4%), 2 (2.4%), 3 (3.6%), 3 (3.6%) and 6 (7.2%)H. parasuisisolates. In addition, moderate level of resistance to tiamulin was found in 60 (18.1%)P. multocidaisolates and high level of resistance for tetracycline was detected in 107 (32.2 %)P. multocidaisolates and in 23 (27.7 %)H. parasuisisolates. Differences between resistance rates ofP. multocidaandH. parasuiswere significant (P≤ 0.5) only for tiamulin. These data confirmed that antimicrobial resistance is not very widespread among current porcineP. multocidaandH. parasuisisolates in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of New Quinolones and Oxazolidinones against Actinomadura madurae

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucio Vera-Cabrera ◽  
Elsa Y. Ochoa-Felix ◽  
Gloria Gonzalez ◽  
Rolando Tijerina ◽  
Sung H. Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Drug ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
New Quinolones ◽  
Actinomadura Madurae ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT In this work, we studied the in vitro sensitivity of 24 strains of Actinomadura madurae to a new oxazolidinone (DA-7867), gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and garenoxacin by using a broth microdilution method. We observed that the A. madurae strains had a high level of sensitivity to all the antimicrobials tested. The most active drug was DA-7867, with a MIC at which 90% of the strains are inhibited (MIC90) of 0.125 μg/ml and a MIC50 of 0.06 μg/ml.

scholarly journals Whole Transcriptomic Analysis of Mechanisms of Tolerance and Resistance to Chlorhexidine in Clinical Strains of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Producers of Carbapenemase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Bleriot ◽  
Lucia Blasco ◽  
Mercedes Delgado ◽  
Ana Gual de Torrella ◽  
Anton Ambroa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
High Level

Although the failure of antibiotic treatment is normally attributed to resistance, tolerance and persistence display a significant role in the lack of response to antibiotics. Due to the fact that several nosocomial pathogens show a high level of tolerance and/or resistance to chlorhexidine, in this study we analyzed the molecular mechanisms associated with chlorhexidine adaptation in two clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae by phenotypic and transcriptomic studies. These two strains belong to ST258-KPC3 (high-risk clone carrying &beta;-lactamase KPC3) and ST846-OXA48 (low-risk clone carrying &beta;-lactamase OXA48). Our results showed that K. pneumoniae ST258-KPC3CA and ST846-OXA48CA strains exhibited a different behavior under CHLX pressure, adapting to this biocide through resistance and tolerance mechanisms, respectively. Furthermore, the appearance of cross-resistance to colistin was observed in the ST846-OXA48CA strain (tolerant to CHLX), using the broth microdilution method. Interestingly, this ST846-OXA48CA isolate contained a plasmid that encodes a novel type II toxin/antitoxin (TA) system, PemK/PemI. We characterized this PemK/PemI TA system by cloning both genes into the IPTG-inducible pCA24N plasmid, and found their role in persistence and biofilm formation. Accordingly, the ST846-OXA48CA strain showed a persistence biphasic curve in the presence of a chlorhexidine-imipenem combination, and these results were confirmed by the enzymatic assay (WST-1).

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Tolerance and Resistance to Chlorhexidine in Clinical Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae Producers of Carbapenemase: Role of New Type II Toxin-Antitoxin System, PemIK

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Ines Bleriot ◽  
Lucia Blasco ◽  
Mercedes Delgado-Valverde ◽  
Ana Gual-de-Torrella ◽  
Anton Ambroa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
New Type ◽  
High Level

Although the failure of antibiotic treatment is normally attributed to resistance, tolerance and persistence display a significant role in the lack of response to antibiotics. Due to the fact that several nosocomial pathogens show a high level of tolerance and/or resistance to chlorhexidine, in this study we analyzed the molecular mechanisms associated with chlorhexidine adaptation in two clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae by phenotypic and transcriptomic studies. These two strains belong to ST258-KPC3 (high-risk clone carrying β-lactamase KPC3) and ST846-OXA48 (low-risk clone carrying β-lactamase OXA48). Our results showed that the K. pneumoniae ST258-KPC3CA and ST846-OXA48CA strains exhibited a different behavior under chlorhexidine (CHLX) pressure, adapting to this biocide through resistance and tolerance mechanisms, respectively. Furthermore, the appearance of cross-resistance to colistin was observed in the ST846-OXA48CA strain (tolerant to CHLX), using the broth microdilution method. Interestingly, this ST846-OXA48CA isolate contained a plasmid that encodes a novel type II toxin/antitoxin (TA) system, PemI/PemK. We characterized this PemI/PemK TA system by cloning both genes into the IPTG-inducible pCA24N plasmid, and found their role in persistence and biofilm formation. Accordingly, the ST846-OXA48CA strain showed a persistence biphasic curve in the presence of a chlorhexidine-imipenem combination, and these results were confirmed by the enzymatic assay (WST-1).

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