scholarly journals An Overview of Exosomes in Cancer Therapy: A Small Solution to a Big Problem

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1561
Author(s):  
Paulo Rodrigues ◽  
Catarina Melim ◽  
Francisco Veiga ◽  
Ana Figueiras
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Endocytic Pathway ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Small Solution ◽  
Loading Methods ◽  
Insight Into

Exosomes are defined as a type of extracellular vesicle released when multivesicular bodies of the endocytic pathway fuse with the plasma membrane. They are characterized by their role in extracellular communication, partly due to their composition, and present the ability to recognize and interact with cells from the immune system, enabling an immune response. Their targeting capability and nanosized dimensions make them great candidates for cancer therapy. As chemotherapy is associated with cytotoxicity and multiple drug resistance, the use of exosomes targeting capabilities, able to deliver anticancer drugs specifically to cancer cells, is a great approach to overcome these disadvantages. The objective is to assess treatment efficiency in reducing tumor cells, as well as overall safety and response by cancer carriers. So far, results show exosomes as a promising therapeutic strategy in the fight against cancer. This review summarizes the characteristics and composition of exosomes, as well as explaining in detail the involved parties in the origin of exosomes. Furthermore, some considerations about exosome application in immunotherapy are addressed. The main isolation and loading methods are described to give an insight into how exosomes can be obtained and manipulated. Finally, some therapeutic applications of exosomes in cancer therapy are described.

scholarly journals Bypassing Mechanisms of Mitochondria-Mediated Cancer Stem Cells Resistance to Chemo- and Radiotherapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Lyakhovich ◽  
Matilde E. Lleonart
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Cell Resistance ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Detoxification Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are highly resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapeutic regimes. Therefore, the multiple drug resistance (MDR) of cancer is most likely due to the resistance of CSCs. Such resistance can be attributed to some bypassing pathways including detoxification mechanisms of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RO/NS) formation or enhanced autophagy. Unlike in normal cells, where RO/NS concentration is maintained at certain threshold required for signal transduction or immune response mechanisms, CSCs may develop alternative pathways to diminish RO/NS levels leading to cancer survival. In this minireview, we will focus on elaborated mechanisms developed by CSCs to attenuate high RO/NS levels. Gaining a better insight into the mechanisms of stem cell resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy may lead to new therapeutic targets thus serving for better anticancer strategies.

scholarly journals TGF-β Signaling and Resistance to Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maoduo Zhang ◽  
Ying Yi Zhang ◽  
Yongze Chen ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Cancer Multiple

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, which is well studied for its ability to inhibit cell proliferation in early stages of tumorigenesis while promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in advanced cancer, is considered to act as a double-edged sword in cancer. Multiple inhibitors have been developed to target TGF-β signaling, but results from clinical trials were inconsistent, suggesting that the functions of TGF-β in human cancers are not yet fully explored. Multiple drug resistance is a major challenge in cancer therapy; emerging evidence indicates that TGF-β signaling may be a key factor in cancer resistance to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Finally, combining anti-TGF-β therapy with other cancer therapy is an attractive venue to be explored for the treatment of therapy-resistant cancer.

scholarly journals Neuronal extracellular vesicle derived miR-98 prevents salvageable neurons from microglial phagocytosis in acute ischemic stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Yang ◽  
Lu-Lu Cao ◽  
Xi-Peng Wang ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
Ruo-Bing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Platelet Activating Factor ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Microglial Phagocytosis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs), as a novel intercellular communication carrier transferring cargo microRNAs (miRNAs), could play important roles in the brain remodeling process after ischemic stroke. However, the detailed mechanisms involved in EVs derived miRNAs-mediated cellular interactions in the brain remain unclear. Several studies indicated that microRNA-98 (miR-98) might participate in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Here, we showed that expression of miR-98 in penumbra field kept up on the first day but dropped sharply on the 3rd day after ischemic stroke in rats, indicating that miR-98 could function as an endogenous protective factor post-ischemia. Overexpression of miR-98 targeted inhibiting platelet activating factor receptor-mediated microglial phagocytosis to attenuate neuronal death. Furthermore, we showed that neurons transferred miR-98 to microglia via EVs secretion after ischemic stroke, to prevent the stress-but-viable neurons from microglial phagocytosis. Therefore, we reveal that EVs derived miR-98 act as an intercellular signal mediating neurons and microglia communication during the brain remodeling after ischemic stroke. The present work provides a novel insight into the roles of EVs in the stroke pathogenesis and a new EVs-miRNAs-based therapeutic strategy for stroke.

Multiple drug resistance in cancer therapy

1994 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. 371-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erasmus Schneider ◽  
Kenneth H Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug

Surgical Site Infections - A Hospital Havoc: Retrospective Study of Surgical Site Infections in Tertiary Health Care Centre in North East India

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Singh ◽  
A B Khyriem, W V Lyngdoh ◽  
C J Lyngdoh
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumanii ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
North East

Objectives - Surgical site infections (SSI) has turn out to be a major problem even in hospital with most modern facilities and standard protocols of pre -operative preparation and antibiotic prophylaxis. Objective of this study is to know the prevalence of surgical site infection among the postoperative patients and to identify the relationship between SSI and etiological pathogens along with their antimicrobial susceptibility at North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS), Shillong. Methods - A retrospective case study conducted at NEIGRIHMS, among patients admitted to the surgical departments during the period between January 1st and December 31st 2016. Swabs from the surgical sites were collected under sterile conditions and standard bacteriological tests were performed for identification and appropriate statistical methods were employed to look for association between SSI and etiological pathogens. Results - Out of the 1284 samples included in the study, 192 samples showed evidence of SSI yielding an infection rate of 14.9%. The most commonly isolated bacteria were: Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumanii and Staphylococcus aureus, of the gram negative isolates 6.2% were multidrug resistant of which 19% were carbapenem resistant. Conclusion - SSI with multiple drug resistance strains and polymicrobial etiology reflects therapeutic failure. The outcome of the SSI surveillance in our hospital revealed that in order to decrease the incidence of SSI we would have to: a) incorporate a proper antibiotic stewardship  b) conduct periodic surveillance to keep a check on SSI d) educate medical staffs regarding the prevention of surgical site infection.

INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF M. TUBERCULOSIS ON THE COURSE OF TUBERCULOSIS WITH MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
V. S. Krutko ◽  
L. H. Nikolaieva ◽  
T. V. Maistat ◽  
O. A. Oparin ◽  
Anton Viktorovych Rohozhyn
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Genotypic Variability ◽  
Intensive Phase ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Infection Source

Tuberculosis is infectious and socially dependent disease, being now one of the most pressing issues in practical health care. As well the usual types of tuberculosis infection, chemoresistant tuberculosis is spreading rapidly in the world. The WHO estimates that about 500,000 people on the planet are infected with M. tuberculosis, which is resistant to standard anti−tuberculosis drugs. The probability of successful treatment decreases with emergence of new genotypes of M. tuberculosis with total resistance. In the modern epidemiology of tuberculosis, it is important to identify genotypes on certain signs, allowing to address issues such as their origin, identification of the infection source, possible routes and factors of transmission, as well as to reveal cases and spread of resistance to anti−tuberculosis drugs. To evaluate the therapy efficiency of multidrug−resistant tuberculosis patients with revealed genotypic variability during treatment, 10 patients with chemoresistant pulmonary tuberculosis having M. tuberculosis genotypic variability were treated. In these patients, the clinical, laboratory and radiological dynamics of disease in intensive phase of treatment were studied. Analysis of treatment results for patients with chemoresistant tuberculosis with genotypic variability of M. tuberculosis was evaluated by the intoxication syndrome dynamics of, the timing of closure of the decay cavities and cessation of bacterial excretion. The study found that the genotypic variability of M. tuberculosis is characterized by the change of less virulent genotypes of M. tuberculosis to more virulent. Signs of intoxication have been shown to change from less virulent M. tuberculosis genotypes to M. tuberculosis Beijing genotypes. Genotypic variability of mycobacteria in hospital suggests that hospitalization in tuberculosis facilities is a risk of exogenous tuberculosis superinfection. Studying the influence of genotypic variability of M. tuberculosis on the course of multidrug−resistant tuberculosis requires more extensive research, being a very relevant and promising area in phthisiology. Key words: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, genotypic variability, VNTR−genotyping, treatment.

Do Multiple Drug Resistance Transporters Interfere with Cell Functioning under Normal Conditions?

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (12-13) ◽  
pp. 1560-1569
Author(s):  
D. A. Knorre ◽  
K. V. Galkina ◽  
T. Shirokovskikh ◽  
A. Banerjee ◽  
R. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug
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