scholarly journals Investigating the Use of Recycled Pork Fat-Based Biodiesel in Aviation Turbo Engines

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1196
Author(s):  
Grigore Cican ◽  
Marius Deaconu ◽  
Radu Mirea ◽  
Laurentiu Ceatra ◽  
Mihaiella Cretu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Execution ◽  
Spectral Components ◽  
Pork Fat ◽  
Calorific Power ◽  
Operating Regimes ◽  
Turbo Engine ◽  
Burning Stability

This paper presents an analysis of the possibility of using recycled pork fat-based biodiesel as fuel for aviation turbo-engines. The analysis consists of the assessment of four blends of Jet A kerosene with 10%, 30%, 50%, and 100% biodiesel and pure Jet A that was used as reference in the study. The first part of the paper presents the physical-chemical properties of the blends: density, viscosity, flash point, freezing point, and calorific power. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, a benchmark was performed on the mixtures of Jet A with 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, and 100% biodiesel compared with Jet A. The second part of the paper presents the test results of these blends used for fuelling a Jet Cat P80 turbo engine at the Turbo Engines Laboratory of the Aerospace Engineering Faculty of Polyethnic University of Bucharest. These functional tests were performed using different operating regimes as follows: idle, cruise, intermediate, and maximum. For each regime, a testing period of around 1 min was selected and the engine parameters were monitored during the test execution. The burning efficiency was calculated for the maximum regime for all mixtures. To evaluate the functioning stability of the turbo engine using biodiesel, two accelerometers were mounted on the engine support that recorded the radial and axial vibrations. Moreover, to assess the burning stability and to identify other acoustic spectral components when biodiesel is used, two microphones were placed near the jet region. A comparative analysis between blends was made by taking the Jet A fuel as reference.

scholarly journals An Experimental Investigation to Use the Biodiesel Resulting from Recycled Sunflower Oil, and Sunflower Oil with Palm Oil as Fuels for Aviation Turbo-Engines

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5189
Author(s):  
Grigore Cican ◽  
Marius Deaconu ◽  
Radu Mirea ◽  
Laurentiu Constantin Ceatra ◽  
Mihaiella Cretu
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Fuel Mixtures ◽  
Calorific Power ◽  
Turbo Engine

The paper is presenting the experimental analysis of the use of biodiesel from waste sunflower oil and a blend of sunflower oil with palm oil as fuel for aviation turbo-engines. A comparative analysis for fuel mixtures made of Jet A + 5% Aeroshell 500 Oil (Ke) with 10%, 30%, and 50% for each bio-fuel type has been performed and Ke has been used as reference. Firstly, the following physical and chemical properties were determined: density, viscosity, flash point, freezing point, calorific power. Then, elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were conducted for Ke, biodiesel obtained from recycled sunflower oil (SF), biodiesel obtained from blending recycled sunflower oil, and recycled palm oil (SFP), and for each fuel blend. Secondly, experimental tests of the blends have been conducted on the Jet Cat P80® micro-turbo engine (Gunt Hamburg, Barsbüttel, Germany). The tests have been conducted at different engine working regimes as follows: idle, cruise, intermediate, and maximum. For each regime, a one-minute testing period was chosen, and the engine parameters have been monitored. The turbo engine instrumentation recorded the temperature after the compressor and before the turbine, the fuel consumption and air flow, pressure inside the combustion chamber, and generated thrust. The burning efficiency and the specific consumption have been calculated for all four above-mentioned regimes and for all fuel blends. Two accelerometers have been installed on the engine’s support to register radial and axial vibrations allowing the assessment of engine stability.

scholarly journals Performance Study of Grass-Derived Nano-Cellulose and Polycaprolactone Composites for 3D Printing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1273
Author(s):  
Chen Feng ◽  
Jiping Zhou ◽  
Xiaodong Xu ◽  
Yani Jiang ◽  
Hongcan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Compression Process ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Nano Cellulose ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In recent years, 3D printing has received increasing attention from researchers. This technology overcomes the limitations of traditional technologies by printing precise and personalized scaffold with arbitrary shapes, pore structures, and porosities for the applications in various tissues. The cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is extracted from Humulus Japonicus (HJS) and mixed with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) to prepare a series of CNC/PCL composites for printing. Based on the analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the series of the CNC/PCL composites, an optimal mass ratio of CNC to PCL was obtained. The Solidworks was used to simulate the stretching and compression process of the scaffolds with three different patterns under an external force. The flow of nutrient solution in the scaffolds with different patterns was simulated by ANSYS FLUENT, and then a new optimization scaffold pattern with a concave hexagon shape was advised based on the simulation results. Collectively, the mechanical test results of the material and scaffold confirmed that the optimal filling amount of the CNC was 5%, and the scaffold pattern with concave hexagon shape exhibited better mechanical properties and suitable for the transport of cells and nutrients, which is expected to be more widely used in 3D printing.

scholarly journals The Influence Of NO/O2 On The NOx Storage Properties Over A Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1459-1465
Author(s):  
Xuedong Feng ◽  
Jing Yi ◽  
Peng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
No Oxidation ◽  
Test Results ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Storage Performance ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Temperature Programmed ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

AbstractWith the purpose of studying the influence of NO/O2 on the NOx storage activity, a Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized by an acid-aided sol-gel method. The physical and chemical properties of the catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) methods. The results showed that the composition of the catalyst was well-crystallized and the crystalline size of CeO2 (111) was about 5.7 nm. The mechanism of NO and NO2 storage and NOx temperature programmed desorption (NO-TPD) experiments were investigated to evaluate the NOx storage capacity of the catalyst. Pt-Ba-Ce/γ-Al2O3 catalyst presented the supreme NOx storage performance at 350℃, and the maximum value reached to 668.8 μmol / gcat. Compared with O2-free condition, NO oxidation to NO2 by O2 had a beneficial effect on the storage performance of NOx. NO-TPD test results showed that the NOx species stored on the catalyst surface still kept relatively stable even below 350℃.

ANALYSIS OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF YOGHURT WITH BIFIDOBACTERIUM IN BELARUS.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1(51)) ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
I. V. Podorozhniaya ◽  
S. S. Vetokhin
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Nonfat Milk ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The values of freezing point, titratable and active acidities, conductivity, water activity, humidity, nonfat milk solids the of samples of market bioyoghurt were analyzed. They significantly differ from the same row milk indicators. So, they demonstrated lower values of freezing point, active acidity, water activity, humidity, and increased values of titratable acidity and conductivity, and nonfat milk solids. A large dispersion of the studied products’ properties was found for each manufacturer production as well as between producers. Yoghurts with Bifidobacterium that were produced at the Brest region had the highest values of рН, nonfat milk solids and lowest values of freezing point and humidity. This fact evidences the manufacturer has a well-established technological process for the production of bioyogurt and traceability of raw milk supply. The boundaries of the confidence intervals of physical and chemical properties both by individual manufacturers and jointly were determined. A close relationship between conductivity and freezing point in bioyoghurts of some manufacturers has been found. The dynamics of their changes in last years is traced.

scholarly journals Comparison of Test Measurements Taken on a Pipeline Compressor / Gas Turbine Unit in the Workshop and at Site

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Schmitt ◽  
V. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Turbine Unit ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Gas Turbine Unit ◽  
Test Installation ◽  
Measuring Methods ◽  
Test Execution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Load Conditions

The first part of this paper describes the test installation of the gas turbine and the compressor in the workshop, test execution, measuring methods, evaluation and measuring uncertainties. The second part of this paper describes the site installation, execution of the test under full load conditions on natural gas, measuring methods, evaluation and measuring uncertainties. The third part of this paper compares both the measurements and the Reynolds number correction which was used for the evaluation of the pipeline compressor test results in the workshop.

scholarly journals Effect of Nano Charcoal Ash Coconut Shell in Bitumen as Alternative Binder

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3S3) ◽  
pp. 517-523
Keyword(s):  
Softening Point ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Median Particle ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Grinding Time ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The effect of Nano charcoal ash (NCA) from coconut shell on the physical and chemical properties of bitumen as alternative binder was evaluated in this study. Six different Nano grades of charcoal ash were examined. The charcoal ash ground for the optimum grinding time had a median particle size of 148 nm. NCA dosage of 30% by weight of binder was used throughout the experiments. Nanoparticle size analysis and X-ray fluorescence were performed to determine the size and chemical properties of material. Dynamic shear rheometer, penetration, softening point, and penetration index were used to characterize the physical properties of NCA. Thirty hours of grinding time produced the optimum NCA, which could enhance the binder performance. Test results indicated that adding NCA from coconut shell to bitumen improved the binder stiffness up to 47% and significantly increased the softening point up to 12% compared with virgin binder.

The Calibration of Thermocouples by Freezing-Point Baths and Empirical Equations

1959 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Digital Computer ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Calibration System ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
The Individual

A calibration system is described which is based on the use of a few precisely determined experimental values obtained from freezing-point baths. Characteristics of the individual thermocouples at intermediate points are obtained by passing empirical equations of prescribed form through the test values. A program is reviewed, by which a high-speed digital computer accomplishes the necessary conversions, curve fittings, comparisons of individual characteristics with arbitrary reference tables, and the printing out of a table of differences. Test results for a series of iron-constantan thermocouples, over the temperature range 32–1225 F, are presented to illustrate the use of the system and the uncertainties involved. Comparisons are drawn between these results and those obtained by other methods.

Structural Thermodynamic Model for the Durability and Viscosity of Nuclear Waste Glasses

1987 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangdong Feng ◽  
Aaron Barkatt
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Composition Dependence ◽  
Glass Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Structural Rules ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
Alkali Oxides ◽  
Bond Strengths ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractA model based upon structural thermodynamic considerations has been proposed for both chemical durability and viscosity of nuclear waste glasses. This model assumes the bond strength between atoms in the glass to be the predominant factor in controlling the composition dependence of physical properties such as viscosity and chemical properties like durability. These characteristic bond strengths in the glass are obtained from known heats of formation of the constituent oxides with a few simple structural rules deduced by distinguishing the structural roles of the various oxides, i.e., separating those components that are clearly “network-formers” (e.g. SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2) from those that are clearly “network-breakers” (e.g. alkali oxides). This model has been successfully applied to the correlation of glass composition with modified MCC-3 leach test results on nuclear waste glasses measured at various laboratories on one hand and with the viscosities of numerous glasses over a temperature range of 850°C to 1600°C with remarkable accuracy on the other hand.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC DEFORMATION MODULUS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Mikolainis ◽  
Marijus Ustinovičius ◽  
Danutė Sližytė ◽  
Tatyana Zhilkina
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dynamic Deformation ◽  
Deformation Modulus ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Plate Load Test ◽  
Test Execution ◽  
Load Tests ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Result Interpretation

This article summarises dynamic deformation modulus correlation with second reload of static plate load test results for an even thickness soil strata layer. An analysis of execution and result interpretation of both static deformation modulus and dynamic deformation modulus is provided also. Different correlations between the two modulus according to different authors are provided. Since dynamic plate load test is not regulated in Lithuania as a soil compaction contron method, a few dynamic plate load tests and static plate load tests were executed in order to compare compaction results. The additional experiments for dynamic plate load tests in different depths were executed which showed that deformation modulus is dependant on depth of test execution, thus it is worthwile to mention to be cautious on compaction results in trenches.

scholarly journals Кормление длиннопалого речного рака корневой растительной биомассой высших растений в качестве монодиеты

2013 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
О. А. Пальчик ◽  
Е. А. Дехтярева ◽  
М. А. Панчишный
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Trial Testing

У статті наведено результати пробного тесту-вання корму для ракоподібних у вигляді кореневої рос-линної біомаси вищих наземних рослин у якості моно-дієти. Результати тестування свідчать про те, що годівля кореневою біомасою вищих наземних рослин є більш ефективною, ніж змішаний тип харчування. Серед дослідних варіантів найкращі біометричні по-казники річкових раків зафіксовані в разі годівлі коре-невою масою салату. У ході дослідження встановле-но, що за розміщення в акваріумі кореневої частини вищих рослин, хімічні показники води поступово по-кращуються, тобто наземні вищі рослини, як і водні, здатні очищувати воду. The article contains results of trial testing fodder for crustaceans in the form of the root biomass of higher terrestrial plants as a mono-diet. Test results indicate that the feeding of root biomass of higher terrestrial plants is more efficient than the mixed type of food. Among the studied variants the best biometrics of crayfish was recorded during feeding by the root mass of lettuce. The study has found that when you place in an aquarium the root of higher plants, the chemical properties of water are gradually improving, that is, terrestrial higher plants as well as water can purify the water.

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