scholarly journals Polyphenol Content and Biological Activities of Ruta graveolens L. and Artemisia abrotanum L. in Northern Saudi Arabia

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam O. Elansary ◽  
Agnieszka Szopa ◽  
Paweł Kubica ◽  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Diaa O. El-Ansary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Ruta Graveolens ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Artemisia Abrotanum

Natural populations of Ruta graveolens L. and Artemisia abrotanum L. in northern Saudi Arabia may be a rich source of natural polyphenols with potential biological activities. Therefore, tentative high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection was used to analyze the polyphenol contents of leaf extracts. R. graveolens mainly contained the phenolic acids chlorogenic acid and p-coumaric acid and the flavonoids rutoside and quercetin, whereas those of A. abrotanum mainly contained the phenolic acids isochlorogenic acid and rosmarinic acid and the flavonoid quercetin. Leaf extracts of both species showed antioxidant activities due to the presence of quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and p-coumaric acid as well as antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against cancer cells, which may be attributed to necrotic cell accumulation during the early and late apoptotic periods. Both species also exhibited antibacterial activity, although the activity was higher in R. graveolens due to the high contents of quercetin and other polyphenols. Finally, both species exhibited antifungal activities, which were associated with specific polyphenols. This is the first study to confirm the richness of polyphenols and wide spectrum of biological activities in natural populations of R. graveolens and A. abrotanum in northern Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Acacia saligna and Lawsonia inermis Natural Populations

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam O. Elansary ◽  
Agnieszka Szopa ◽  
Paweł Kubica ◽  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Fahed A. Al-Mana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Acacia Saligna ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Leaf Extracts

Acacia saligna and Lawsonia inermis natural populations growing in Northern Saudi Arabia might be a valuable source of polyphenols with potent biological activities. Using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), several polyphenols were detected tentatively in considerable amounts in the methanolic leaf extracts of A. saligna and L. inermis. A. saligna mainly contained rutoside, hyperoside, quercetin 3-glucuronide, gallic acid and p-coumaric acid, whereas those of L. inermis contained apigenin 5-glucoside, apigetrin and gallic acid. Strong antioxidant activities were found in the leaf extracts of both species due to the presence of hyperoside, quercetin 3-glucuronide, gallic acid, isoquercetin, p-coumaric acid, quercitrin and rutoside. A. saligna and L. inermis leaf extracts as well as hyperoside, apigenin 5-glucoside, and quercetin 3-glucuronide significantly reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation in all investigated cancer cells compared to the control. Methanolic leaf extracts and identified polyphenols showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against cancer cells, which may be attributed to necrotic cell accumulation during apoptotic periods. Antibacterial activities were also found in both species leaf extracts and were twice as high in A. saligna than L. inermis due to the high composition of rutoside and other polyphenols. Finally, strong antifungal activities were detected, which were associated with specific phenols such as rutoside, hyperoside, apigenin 5-glucoside and p-coumaric acid. This is the first study exploring the polyphenolic composition of A. saligna and L. inermis natural populations in northern Saudi Arabia and aiming at the detection of their biological activities.

scholarly journals Polyphenol Profile and Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Natural Mentha × piperita and Mentha longifolia Populations in Northern Saudi Arabia

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam O. Elansary ◽  
Agnieszka Szopa ◽  
Paweł Kubica ◽  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Mentha Longifolia

New sources of polyphenols with anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in arid environments are critical for the development of alternative medicines and natural remedies. This study explored the polyphenol profiles and biological activities of methanolic leaf extracts from natural Mentha × piperita and Mentha longifolia populations in northern Saudi Arabia. Chromatographic analyses identified several polyphenols in M. × piperita including phenolic acids: rosmarinic acid (1547.6 mg/100 g DW (dry weight)), cryptochlorogenic acid (91.7 mg/100 g DW), and chlorogenic acid (69.4 mg/100 g DW), as well as flavonoids: naringin (328.8 mg/100 g DW) and cynaroside (162.8 mg/100 g DW). The major polyphenols in M. longifolia were: rosmarinic acid (781.6 mg/100 g DW), cryptochlorogenic acid (191.1 mg/100 g DW), p-coumaric acid (113.0 mg/100 g DW), m-coumaric acid (112.2 mg/100 g DW), and chlorogenic acid (63.8 mg/100 g DW). M. × piperita and M. longifolia leaf extracts had high antioxidant activities due to the major polyphenols (cynaroside, rosmarinic and cryptochlorogenic acids). M. × piperita had higher activities against different cancer cells than M. longifolia. Naringin, cryptochlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid had the highest activities against cancer cells. The leaf extracts had antibacterial effects against most bacteria species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most sensitive), which was attributed to the polyphenols. Antifungal activities were similarly broad (Aspergillus flavus was most sensitive) and attributed to naringin, cryptochlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid. Populations of M. × piperita and M. longifolia in Northern Riyadh may be a valuable source of natural biologically active compounds.

scholarly journals Polyphenols of Frangula alnus and Peganum harmala Leaves and Associated Biological Activities

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1086
Author(s):  
Hosam O. Elansary ◽  
Agnieszka Szopa ◽  
Paweł Kubica ◽  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Fahed A. Al-Mana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Peganum Harmala ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Polyphenolic Composition ◽  
Frangula Alnus

Frangula alnus and Peganum harmala populations growing in Saudi Arabia might be rich sources of natural compounds with important biological activities. A high performance liquid chromatography diode array revealed several polyphenols in the leaf extracts for the first time, including p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, quercitrin, rutoside, quercetin and trifolin in F. alnus; and hydrocaffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and cynaroside in P. harmala. F. alnus and P. harmala showed strong antioxidant effects attributed to the polyphenolic composition of leaves and reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. F. alnus and P. harmala leaf extracts showed cytotoxic effects against Jurkat, MCF-7, HeLa, and HT-29 cancer cells using MTT and flow cytometry assays. These activities were attributed to the polyphenolic composition of leaves including quercitrin, trifolin and cymaroside, as well as the activation of caspase family enzymes 2, 6, 8 and 9 in treated cancer cells compared to control. The current findings of this study include a novel comprehensive investigation on the polyphenol composition and anticancer effects of leaf extracts of F. alnus and P. harmala from natural populations in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals THE CONTENT OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE POLYPHENOLS LONICERA CAERULEA SUBSP. PALLASII IN NATU-RAL CONDITIONS AND THE INTRODUCTION

2017 ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ирина (Irina) Георгиевна (Georgievna) Боярских (Boyarskikh) ◽  
Владимир (Vladimir) Геннадьевич (Gennad'evich) Васильев (Vasiliev) ◽  
Татьяна (Tat'jana) Абдулхаиловна (Abdulhailovna) Кукушкина (Kukushkina)
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Quinic Acid ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
West Siberian Plain ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Lonicera Caerulea

The purpose of this paper was a comparative to study population variability of individual and group composition of biologically active phenol compounds in leaves of Lonicera caerulea subsp. pallasii (Ledeb.) Browic. in natural population of south taiga subzone of West-Siberian plain, Altai Mauntains and in conditions of introduction in the forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Priobye. Chlorogenic acid and its isomers neochlorogenic acid and dicaffeoyl quinic acid, glycozides of luteolin, apigenin and quercetin, apigenin and luteolin in leaf extracts of L. caerulea subsp. pallasii was identified by HPLC-MS. The quantitative variations content of compounds (classes of biologically active polyphenols and their individual components) depending on vegetation conditions have been explored using HPLC. The major components of L. caerulea subsp. pallasii leaves are rutinoside quercetin, chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoyl quinic acid. The content and ratio of the major phenolic compounds and the composition of their minor components varied depending on the location and conditions of plant growth. The content of derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonols increased significantly in response to changes in habitat conditions in natural populations and in the introduction into the forest-steppe zone. The flavones are the least variable compounds in plant leaves. The results can be useful in elaboration of practical recommendations for picking medicinal and food plants in different vegetation conditions

scholarly journals Saudi Rosmarinus officinalis and Ocimum basilicum L. Polyphenols and Biological Activities

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam O. Elansary ◽  
Agnieszka Szopa ◽  
Paweł Kubica ◽  
Halina Ekiert ◽  
Diaa O. El-Ansary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Gentisic Acid ◽  
Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid

Investigating the polyphenolic profile of natural Rosmarinus officinalis and Ocimum basilicum populations may reveal essential compounds that have biological activities. Natural populations of R. officinalis and O. basilicum in Northern Riyadh were investigated by HPLC-DAD analyses. Several polyphenols, including rosmarinic acid, gentisic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, rutoside, and others, out of 38 screened were confirmed. Rosmarinic acid was the major polyphenol in both of R. officinalis and O. basilicum. R. officinalis methanolic leaf extracts contained other phenols such as gentisic acid while O. basilicum contained also 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and rutoside as well as others. R. officinalis showed higher antioxidant activities than O. basilicum using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching assays. These higher activities are associated with a higher composition of rosmarinic acid in leaf extracts. The antioxidant activities of O. basilicum were attributed to identified phenols of rosmarinic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and rutoside. There were antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of leaf extracts, as well as identified polyphenols, against several cancer cells. These activities were attributed to the accumulation of necrotic and apoptotic cells in treated cancer cells with leaf extracts as well as identified polyphenols. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaf extracts were mainly attributed to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and rutoside in O. basilicum and rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in R. officinalis. This study proved that R. officinalis and O. basilicum natural populations might be considered as promising sources of natural polyphenols with biological activities.

scholarly journals Chemical Diversity of Bastard Balm (Melittis melisophyllum L.) as Affected by Plant Development

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2421
Author(s):  
Izabela Szymborska-Sandhu ◽  
Jarosław L. Przybył ◽  
Olga Kosakowska ◽  
Katarzyna Bączek ◽  
Zenon Węglarz
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Full Flowering

The phytochemical diversity of Melittis melissophyllum was investigated in terms of seasonal changes and age of plants including plant organs diversity. The content of phenolics, namely: coumarin; 3,4-dihydroxycoumarin; o-coumaric acid 2-O-glucoside; verbascoside; apiin; luteolin-7-O-glucoside; and o-coumaric; p-coumaric; chlorogenic; caffeic; ferulic; cichoric acids, was determined using HPLC-DAD. Among these, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, verbascoside, chlorogenic acid, and coumarin were the dominants. The highest content of flavonoids and phenolic acids was observed in 2-year-old plants, while coumarin in 4-year-old plants (272.06 mg 100 g–1 DW). When considering seasonal changes, the highest content of luteolin-7-O-glucoside was observed at the full flowering, whereas verbascoside and chlorogenic acid were observed at the seed-setting stage. Among plant organs, the content of coumarin and phenolic acids was the highest in leaves, whereas verbascoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were observed in flowers. The composition of essential oil was determined using GC-MS/GC-FID. In the essential oil from leaves, the dominant was 1-octen-3-ol, whilst from flowers, the dominant was α-pinene.

scholarly journals Role of caffeic and chlorogenic acid in the modulation of cellular fatty acid uptake

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Marino ◽  
Massimiliano Tucci ◽  
Valentina Taverniti ◽  
Patrizia Riso ◽  
Marisa Porrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Cellular Fatty Acid ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Acid Uptake

AbstractPolyphenols are bioactive molecules widely distributed in numerous foods such as fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, cocoa and beverages. Their main classification include flavonoids (i.e. flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, and isoflavones), non-flavonoids (i.e. lignans and stilbens) and phenolic acids (i.e. hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids)(1). Caffeic acid (CA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA; an ester of CA and quinic acid) are the major representatives of hydroxycinnamic acids. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that CA and CGA may exert different biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive(2). Despite these promising and diverse anti-atherosclerotic actions, investigations addressing the effect of CA and CGA on atherogenesis are scarce.The present study evaluated the capacity of CA and CGA to reduce lipid accumulation in macrophages derived from monocytic THP-1 cells. THP-1-derived macrophages were incubated with fatty acids (500 μM oleic/palmitic acid, 2:1 ratio) and different concentrations (from 0.03 to 3 μM) of CA and CGA, alone or in combination. Lipid accumulation was quantified spectrophotometrically (excitation: 544 nm, emission: 590 nm) with the fluorescent dye, Nile red. The fold increase compared to the control (without fatty acids) was calculated. In addition, the expression of several transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CEBP), as potential mechanisms involved in the regulation of lipid accumulation, was evaluated by real time PCR.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the effect of the different concentrations of CA and CGA on lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages following stimulation with FA.The preliminary results obtained have shown a significant increase in lipid accumulation following fatty acid exposure (p < 0.0001). Incubation with CA and CGA did not reduce lipid accumulation in THP-1 derived macrophages, while the combination of CA + CGA at 0.03, 0.3 and 3 μM (p < 0.01) decreased cellular fatty acid uptake at all concentrations tested by -28%, -32%, -23%, respectively. An apparent modulation of the transcriptional activity of PPARγ, but not CEBP, was observed following the combination of phenolic acids.In conclusion, the incubation of CA + CGA at physiologically relevant concentrations, but not the single compounds, seem to reduce the uptake of fatty acids in THP-1-derived macrophages. Further experiments are ongoing in order to confirm the findings obtained and to better identify the mechanisms of action involved in the reduction of lipid accumulation as a key phenomenon of atherogenesis.

scholarly journals Anti-malarial Activity Of Phenolic Acids Is Structurally Related

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince A Fordjour ◽  
Jonathan P Adjimani ◽  
Bright Asare ◽  
Nancy O Duah-Quashie ◽  
Neils B Quashie
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Coumaric Acid

Abstract Background In the absence of an effective vaccine against malaria, chemotherapy remains a major option in the control of the disease. Then, the recent report of the emergence and spread of clones of Plasmodium falciparum resistant to available antimalarial drugs should be of concern as it poses a threat to disease control. Compounds whose pharmacological properties have been determined and touted for other disease can be investigated for antimalarial activity. Phenolic acids (polyphenols) have been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibiotic effects. However, information on their antimalarial activity is scanty. Phenolic acids are present in a variety of plant-based foods: mostly high in the skins and seeds of fruits as well as the leaves of vegetables. Systematic assessment of these compounds for antimalarial activity is therefore needed. Method Using the classical in vitro drug test, the antimalarial activities of five hydroxycinnamic acids, (caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, o-Coumaric acid and ferulic acid) and two hydroxybenzoic acids (gallic acid and protocatechuic acid) against 3D7 clones of Plasmodium falciparum was determined. Results Among the phenolic acids tested, caffeic acid and gallic acid were found to be the most effective, with mean IC 50 value of 17.73µg/ml and 26.59µg/ml respectively for three independent determinations. Protocatechuic acid had an IC 50 value of 30.08 µg/ml. Rosmarinic acid and chlorogenic acid, showed moderate antimalarial activities with IC 50 values of 103.59µg/ml and 105µg/ml respectively. The IC 50 values determined for ferulic acid and o-Coumaric acid were 93.36µg/ml and 82.23µg/ml respectively. Conclusion The outcome of this study suggest that natural occurring phenolic compounds have appreciable level of antimalarial activity which can be exploited for use through combination of actions/efforts including structural manipulation to attain an increase in their antimalarial effect. Eating of natural food products rich in these compounds could provide antimalarial prophylactic effect.

Organic acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, and some horticultural characteristics of black and white mulberry accessions from Eastern Anatolia

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kenan Gecer ◽  
Meleksen Akin ◽  
Muttalip Gundogdu ◽  
Sadiye Peral Eyduran ◽  
Sezai Ercisli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Mulberry

Mulberries, Morus spp., grow in different growing regions of Turkey with a high diversity providing an opportunity to select superior accessions. The goal of the study was to determine the differences in phytochemical components and horticultural characteristics between white and black mulberry accessions in the Igdir province. Fruits of black and white mulberries collected from Igdir province were assayed for various horticultural characteristics including berry width, berry length, berry weight, and berry peduncle length. Samples were also assayed for vitamin C, organic acids (citric, tartaric, malic, succinic, and fumaric), sugars (glucose and fructose), phenolic acids (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic, ferulic, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, caffeic, syringic, vanillic, and gallic acids), and antioxidant capacity [Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay]. Differences (P < 0.05) were noted between accessions in berry length and berry weight. Malic acid was found to be the predominant organic acid regardless of species. Rutin (for black mulberry) and chlorogenic acid (for white mulberry) were the predominant phenolic acids. Black mulberry had higher glucose and fructose content than white mulberry. Analysis showed that black mulberry had higher content of tartaric acid, malic acid, TEAC, fructose, glucose, catechin, rutin, quercetin, o-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid compared with white mulberry (P < 0.01); however, white mulberry had higher content of succinic acid, vitamin C, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, and gallic acid (P < 0.01). Our results provide a reference for further studies of mulberry fruits in detection of organic acids, sugars, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds. Also, it is clear that we need standardized testing, extraction, and analysis protocols to compare genotypes grown in different countries.

scholarly journals Antioxidant, antimicrobial and DNA protection activities of phenolic content of Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) P.Kumm.

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 5500-5506
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Dna Protection ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Total Phenolic Contents

Tricholoma is one of the famous genera of Basidiomycota division. Although some species of this genus have been used as culinary mushrooms, very negligible investigations have been conducted on Tricholoma genus phenolic contents and their biological activities. In the present study, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and DNA protection properties of total phenolic contents of Tricholoma virgatum (Fr.) P. Kumm. (54% methanolic extract) were assessed. T. virgatum phenolic content was determined by an analytic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method based on compression with standard phenolic compounds including gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and coumaric acid. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) values were determined using Rel Assay kits. For DNA protective potential assay, pBR322 supercoiled DNA method was used. The antimicrobial activity assay was done based on the agar dilution method on six different microorganisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis. The total phenolic contents of this mushroom lied within range of 2.02-56.85 ppm based on coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid as standards. TAS, TOS, and OSI values were determined as 3.754±0.088 mmol/L, 8.362 ±0.085 μmol/L, and 0.223 ±0.007, respectively. T. virgatum methanol extract could exhibit a protective effect on DNA against the hydroxyl radical at 100 μg/mL concentration. Although T. virgatum is not recommended as an edible mushroom, according to our results, this mushroom could be considered as valuable source for phenolic compounds with significant antioxidant/antimicrobial effects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document