scholarly journals Bioactivity of Selected Phenolic Acids and Hexane Extracts from Bougainvilla spectabilis and Citharexylum spinosum on the Growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum and Dickeya solani Bacteria: An Opportunity to Save the Environment

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader A. Ashmawy ◽  
Said I. Behiry ◽  
Asma A. Al-Huqail ◽  
Hayssam M. Ali ◽  
Mohamed Z. M. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Dickeya Solani

Phenolic acids and natural extracts, as ecofriendly environmental agents, can be used as bio bactericides against the growth of plant pathogenic bacteria. In this study, isolation trails from infected potato tubers and stems that showed soft rot symptoms in fields revealed two soft rot bacterial isolates and were initially identified through morphological, physiological, and pathogenicity tests. The molecular characterization of these isolates via PCR, based on the 16S rRNA region, was carried out by an analysis of the DNA sequence via BLAST and Genbank, and showed that the soft rot bacterial isolates belong to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (PCC1) and Dickeya solani (Ds1). The in vitro results of the tested phenolic acids against the cultured bacterial isolates proved that concentrations of 800, 1600, and 3200 μg/mL were the most effective. Ferulic acid was the potent suppressive phenolic acid tested against the Ds1 isolate, with an inhibition zone ranging from 6.00 to 25.75 mm at different concentrations (25–3200 μg/mL), but had no effect until reaching a concentration of 100 μg/mL in the PCC1 isolate, followed by tannic acid, which ranged from 7.00 to 25.50 mm. On the other hand, tannic acid resulted in a significant decrease in the growth rate of the PCC1 isolate with a mean of 9.11 mm. Chlorogenic acid was not as effective as the rest of the phenolic acids compared with the control. The n-hexane oily extract (HeOE) from Bougainvillea spectabilis bark showed the highest activity against PCC1 and Ds1, with inhibition zone values of 12 and 12.33 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 4000 μg/mL; while the HeOE from Citharexylum spinosum wood showed less activity. In the GC/MS analysis, nonanal, an oily liquid compound, was found ata percentage of 38.28%, followed by cis-2-nonenal (9.75%), which are the main compounds in B. spectabilis bark HeOE, and 2-undecenal (22.39%), trans-2-decenal (18.74%), and oleic acid (10.85%) were found, which are the main compounds in C. spinosum wood HeOE. In conclusion, the phenolic acids and plant HeOEs seem to raise the resistance of potato plants, improving their defense mechanisms against soft rot bacterial pathogens.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and Relative Abundance of Dickeya and Pectobacterium Species in Switzerland: An Epidemiological Dichotomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2270
Author(s):  
Patrice de Werra ◽  
Christophe Debonneville ◽  
Isabelle Kellenberger ◽  
Brice Dupuis
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
Dickeya Solani ◽  
Main Factor

Pectobacterium and Dickeya species are the causal agents of blackleg and soft rot diseases in potatoes. The main pathogenic species identified so far on potatoes are Dickeya dianthicola, Dickeya solani, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium brasiliense, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Pectobacterium parmentieri. Ten years ago, the most prevalent Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae in Europe were the Dickeya species, P. atrosepticum and P. carotovorum, with some variations among countries. Since then, a drastic increase in the abundance of P. brasiliense has been observed in most European countries. This shift is difficult to explain without comparing the pathogenicity of all Dickeya and Pectobacterium species. The pathogenicity of all the above-mentioned bacterial species was assessed in field trials and in vitro tuber slice trials in Switzerland. Two isolates of each species were inoculated by soaking tubers of cv. Desiree in a suspension of 105 CFU/mL, before planting in the field. For all trials, the Dickeya species were the most virulent ones, but long-term strain surveys performed in Switzerland indicate that P. brasiliense is currently the most frequent species detected. Our results show that the pathogenicity of the species is not the main factor explaining the high prevalence of P. brasiliense and P. parmentieri in the Swiss potato fields.

scholarly journals STUDI BACILLUS FIRMUS SEBAGAI KANDIDAT PROBIOTIK DALAM MENGHADAPI Aeromonas hydrophila PADA MEDIA BUDIDAYA The Study of Bacillus firmus as Probiotic Candidate in Supressing Aeromonas hydrophila in Culture Media

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Alfabetian Harjuno Condro Haditomo ◽  
Angela Mariana Lusiastuti ◽  
Widanarni Widanarni
Keyword(s):  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Bacillus Firmus ◽  
Culture Methods

ABSTRAK   Pengendalian penyakit bakterial yang umum dilakukan dengan pemakaian antibiotik atau  bahan kimia sudah tidak diperbolehkan lagi karena menimbulkan patogen yang resisten  terhadap bahan kimia tersebut, terlebih jika penggunaan tidak sesuai dengan anjuran yang diberikan. Dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan konsumen berupa residu antibiotik juga menjadi pertimbangan yang harus diperhatikan. Manipulasi terhadap populasi mikroba yang berada di perairan guna pencegahan sebelum terjadinya serangan bakteri yang bersifat mematikan perlu dilakukan sebagaimana konsep probiotik sebagai biokontrol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji kandidat probiotik dalam menekan atau menghambat bakteri patogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Penelitian ini dilaksananakan dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah tahap pengujian bakteri kandidat probiotik secara in vitro menggunakan metode zona hambat dan kultur bersama pada media agar.  Tahap kedua adalah uji tentang bakteri kandidat probiotik dengan patogen pada media budidaya. Hasil terbaik penelitian tahap pertama pada  uji kultur bersama antara kandidat probiotik B. firmus dengan A. hydrophila pada skala in vitro adalah dengan penambahan probiotik  B. firmus sebanyak 108 cfu/ml. Sedangkan pada penelitian tahap kedua didapatkan hasil berturut-turut perlakuan D dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup (SR) mencapai 90%, perlakuan C dengan SR 75%, perlakuan A dengan SR 50% dan perlakuan K dengan SR 50%.   Kata kunci: Bacillus firmus, probiotik, Aeromonas hydrophila, media budidaya   ABSTRACT  Controlling bacterial disease with the use of antibiotics or chemicals is no longer allowed as it results in pathogens that are resistant to the chemicals, especially when not in accordance with the recommendations provided. The negative impactsof the antibiotics residues on the consumers’ health  also need to be considered. Manipulation of microbial populations present in the waters as preventation before the lethal attack of bacteria needs to be done which is in accordance with the concept of probiotics as biocontrol.The purpose of this study was to test the probiotic candidates in suppressing or inhibiting pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. This study was conducted in two stages. The first stage was to test a candidate probiotic bacteria in vitro using culture methods and inhibition zone on the media together. The second stage wasto test candidate probiotic bacteria to pathogens on the cultivation media. The best results in the first phase of the research is shared culture test between probiotic candidate B. FIRMUS with A. hydrophila on vitro scale is the addition of the probiotic B. FIRMUS 108 cfu / ml. While in the second phase of the research results obtained successively: treatment D with a survival rate (SR) reaches 90%, treatment C with SR 75%, treatment A with SR 50% and treatment K with SR 50%. Keywords: Bacillus FIRMUS, probiotics, Aeromonas hydrophila, media cultivation

scholarly journals Endophytic Actinomycetes: A Novel Source of Potential Acyl Homoserine Lactone Degrading Enzymes

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surang Chankhamhaengdecha ◽  
Suphatra Hongvijit ◽  
Akkaraphol Srichaisupakit ◽  
Pattra Charnchai ◽  
Watanalai Panbangred
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Quorum Quenching ◽  
Homoserine Lactone ◽  
Amide Bond ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Endophytic Actinomycetes

Several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria employN-acyl-L-homoserine lactone (HSL) quorum sensing (QS) system to control their virulence traits. Degradation of acyl-HSL signal molecules by quorum quenching enzyme (QQE) results in a loss of pathogenicity in QS-dependent organisms. The QQE activity of actinomycetes in rhizospheric soil and inside plant tissue was explored in order to obtain novel strains with high HSL-degrading activity. Among 344 rhizospheric and 132 endophytic isolates, 127 (36.9%) and 68 (51.5%) of them, respectively, possessed the QQE activity. The highest HSL-degrading activity was at151.30±3.1 nmole/h/mL from an endophytic actinomycetes isolate, LPC029. The isolate was identified asStreptomycesbased on16S  rRNAgene sequence similarity. The QQE from LPC029 revealed HSL-acylase activity that was able to cleave an amide bond of acyl-side chain in HSL substrate as determined by HPLC. LPC029 HSL-acylase showed broad substrate specificity from C6- to C12-HSL in which C10HSL is the most favorable substrate for this enzyme. In anin vitropathogenicity assay, the partially purified HSL-acylase efficiently suppressed soft rot of potato caused byPectobacterium carotovorumssp.carotovorumas demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HSL-acylase activity derived from an endophyticStreptomyces.

scholarly journals Biocontrol of the Potato Blackleg and Soft Rot Diseases Caused by Dickeya dianthicola

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Raoul des Essarts ◽  
Jérémy Cigna ◽  
Angélique Quêtu-Laurent ◽  
Aline Caron ◽  
Euphrasie Munier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Rot ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Potato Blackleg ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Potential Strategy

ABSTRACTDevelopment of protection tools targetingDickeyaspecies is an important issue in the potato production. Here, we present the identification and the characterization of novel biocontrol agents. Successive screenings of 10,000 bacterial isolates led us to retain 58 strains that exhibited growth inhibition properties against severalDickeyasp. and/orPectobacteriumsp. pathogens. Most of them belonged to thePseudomonasandBacillusgenera.In vitroassays revealed a fitness decrease of the testedDickeyasp. andPectobacteriumsp. pathogens in the presence of the biocontrol agents. In addition, four independent greenhouse assays performed to evaluate the biocontrol bacteria effect on potato plants artificially contaminated withDickeya dianthicolarevealed that a mix of three biocontrol agents, namely,Pseudomonas putidaPA14H7 andPseudomonas fluorescensPA3G8 and PA4C2, repeatedly decreased the severity of blackleg symptoms as well as the transmission ofD. dianthicolato the tuber progeny. This work highlights the use of a combination of biocontrol strains as a potential strategy to limit the soft rot and blackleg diseases caused byD. dianthicolaon potato plants and tubers.

scholarly journals Effect of some chemicals on incidence of poato soft rot disease in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
AA Khan ◽  
IH Mian ◽  
AM Akanda ◽  
MZ Alam
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Soft Rot Disease ◽  
Bleaching Powder ◽  
Carotovorum Subsp ◽  
Rot Disease

Bactericidal effect was investigated by chemicals against potato soft rot bacteria in vitro and in storage. The chemicals were acetic acid, boric acid, bleaching powder, lactic acid, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium hypo-chloride. Among eight  chemicals only three chemicals viz. acetic acid, boric acid and bleaching powder showed bactericidal activity against potato soft rot bacteria  Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (E. carotovora subsp. carotovora) P-138 in vitro. Based on the results of in vitro experiment three chemicals, acetic acid, boric acid and bleaching powder were used to control soft rot disease of potato in storage. Fresh potato tubers were dipped in 0.2% solution/suspensions of acetic acid, boric acid and bleaching powder for 30 min. Then soft rot bacteria Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum P-138 was inoculated on potato. Finally potatoes were stored for 22 weeks in net bags in sterilized condition. All the three chemicals significantly decreased the infection rate, loss in weight and increased percentage of disease reduction (PDR) of potato. Boric acid was the most effective in controlling the soft rot disease of potato in storage followed by acetic acid and bleaching powder. So these chemicals may be used for seed purpose storage of potato tubers for year round storage at farmer’s level.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(2), 135-140, 2017

scholarly journals First Report of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Causing Soft Rot of Orostachys japonica in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 989-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Cheon ◽  
Y. H. Jeon
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
First Report ◽  
Biolog System ◽  
Carotovorum Subsp ◽  
Physiological Tests

Orostachys japonica (Maxim) A. Berger is an important traditional medicine in Korea. The extract of this plant has antioxidant activity and suppresses cancer cell proliferation (1). From summer through fall of 2012 and 2013, a high incidence (~10% to 30%) of disease outbreaks of all plants characterized by water-soaked lesions and soft rot with a stinky odor was observed in cultivated O. japonica around Uljin (36°59′35.04″N, 126°24′1.51″E), Korea. Water-soaked lesions were first observed on the stem base of plants. Subsequently, the plants collapsed, although the upper portion remained asymptomatic. Thereafter, the lesions expanded rapidly over the entire plant. To isolate potential pathogens from infected leaves, small sections (5 to 10 mm2) were excised from the margins of lesions. Ten bacteria were isolated from ten symptomatic plants. Three representative isolates from different symptomatic plants were used for identification and pathogenicity tests. Isolated bacteria were gram negative, pectolytic on crystal violet pectate agar, nonfluorescent on King's medium B, and elicited a hypersensitive response in tobacco plants. All isolates caused soft rot of potato tubers. These isolates also differed from isolates of Erwinia chrysanthemi (Ech) that they were insensitive to erythromycin and did not produce phosphatase. These isolates differed from known strains of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica in that they did not produce reducing substances from sucrose (2). Use of the Biolog GN microplate and the Release 4.0 system identified the isolate as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum with 81.2% similarity. The 16S rRNA of the isolated bacteria was amplified by PCR and sequenced as described by Weisburg et al. (3). A BLAST analysis for sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA region revealed 99% similarity with nucleotide sequences for P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum isolates (KC790305, KC790280, JF926758, JX196705, and AB680074). The pathogenicity of three bacterial isolates was examined on three 2-year-old O. japonica plants by adding 50 μl of a bacterial suspension containing 108 CFU/ml when wounding the leaves with sterile needles. Ten control plants were inoculated with sterilized water. After inoculation, plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C with relative humidity ranging from 80 to 90%. After 2 to 3 days, tissue discoloration, water-soaked lesions, and soft rot developed around the inoculation point. Severe symptoms of soft rot and darkening developed on leaves of inoculated plants within 3 to 5 days after inoculation. All controls remained healthy during these experiments. The bacterial strains re-isolated from the parts of the leaf showing the symptoms and identified as P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum on the basis of the biochemical and physiological tests, as well as Biolog system. The results obtained for pathogenicity, Biolog analysis, and molecular data corresponded with those for P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of P. carotovorum on O. japonica in Korea. References: (1) C.-H. Kim et al. Kor. J. Med. Crop Sci. 11:31, 2003. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Erwinia Soft Rot Group. Page 56 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al. eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN, 2001. (3) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173:697, 1991.

scholarly journals Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense Causes Soft Rot and Death of Neobuxbaumia tetetzo in Zapotitlan Salinas Valley, Puebla, Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimas Mejía-Sánchez ◽  
Sergio Aranda-Ocampo ◽  
Cristian Nava-Díaz ◽  
Daniel Teliz-Ortiz ◽  
Manuel Livera-Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Rot ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
First Report ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Salinas Valley ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Carotovorum Subsp ◽  
Rdna Igs

Neobuxbaumia tetetzo (Coulter) Backeberg (tetecho) is a columnar cactus endemic to Mexico. Tetecho plants, flowers, fruits, and seeds play an important role in the semiarid ecosystem, as they serve as a refuge and food for insects, bats, and birds, and are widely used by ethnic groups since pre-Hispanic times. Tetecho is affected by a soft rot that damages the whole plant and causes its fall and disintegration. Eight bacterial colonies of similar morphology were isolated from plants showing soft rot and inoculated in healthy tetecho plants, reproducing typical symptoms of soft rot 9 days after inoculation. Ten representative isolates were selected for phenotypic and genetic identification using 16s rDNA, IGS 16S-23S rDNA, and rpoS genes and for pathogenicity tests on several members of the cactus family and other plants. Based on the results, these bacterial isolates were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense. Inoculation of this bacteria caused soft rot in different cacti, fruits, leaves, and roots of other plants. This is the first report of the subspecies brasiliense of P. carotovorum causing soft rot and death in cacti in the world and the first report of this subspecies in Mexico.

scholarly journals Variability of aggressiveness and virulence of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovorum causing the soft rot on potato tubers in the western of Algeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M’hamed Benada ◽  
Boualem Boumaaza ◽  
Sofiane Boudalia ◽  
Omar Khaladi ◽  
Bettache Guessas
Keyword(s):  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Potato Storage ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cultivar Susceptibility

Soft rot symptoms were observed on potato plants in several potato cultivars in the western part of Algeria. A total of four strains of Erwinia are devided as follow: i) three strains of bacteria isolated from diseased tissues and soil, identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp carotovorum using conventional bacteriological and biochemical methods; and ii) one strain as Erwinia sp, not pathogens. In vitro tests, on tuber slices were set up to determine slices weight lost, which allows to find differences in cultivar susceptibility and isolate aggressiveness. Among the five cultivars, Laura was the most susceptible than the others tested cultivars. Moreover, it was found that MAI isolate was the most virulent than the other bacterial isolates. The results of this study should allow an optimization of the potato storage, after considering the susceptibility of a given cultivar to soft rot development and the aggressiveness.

scholarly journals Diploid Potato Germplasm with Resistance to Dickeya solani

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Lebecka ◽  
Iwona Wasilewicz-Flis ◽  
Dariusz Mańkowski
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Potato Cultivar ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Unreduced Gametes ◽  
Optimal Growth Temperature ◽  
Potato Germplasm ◽  
Dickeya Solani ◽  
And Storage

AbstractPotato growers suffer losses due to potato soft rot and blackleg caused by pectinolytic bacteria of different species. These bacteria cause yield loss during cultivation and storage, and can be transmitted to the next generations through seed tubers. The prevalence of Pectobacterium atrosepticum has decreased over the last 20 years in Europe in favour of Dickeya solani and P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense. Twenty-six diploid interspecific Solanum hybrids, previously selected for tuber resistance to P. atrosepticum, were screened for resistance to a highly aggressive D. solani strain in terms of tuber and blackleg reaction. The bacterial strain used for inoculation was characterised by a relatively high optimal growth temperature in vitro, ranging from 33 to 35 °C. Twenty-four diploid clones did not differ in terms of tuber reaction to inoculation with this strain of bacteria in comparison with the clone USA 249, which is the somatic hybrid of S. brevidens (+) S. tuberosum with proven resistance to Pectobacterium. Seventeen clones performed significantly better in terms of blackleg resistance than the resistant potato cultivar Glada. Eleven of the selected diploids produced unreduced gametes, which allows their use in improving the resistance of tetraploid potatoes to diseases caused by bacteria of both Pectobacterium and Dickeya.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN ZONA HAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN Staphylococcus aureus PADA BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BIDURI SECARA IN VITRO

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyoman Mastra
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTBackground Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacteria that can cause infection. Biduri leaf has antibacterial compound such as tannin, flavonoid, saponin, and polyphenol.Objective This study aimed to know the difference of growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at the various concentration of ethanol extract of biduri leaf and to determine an effective concentration.Methods This study was the true experiment with posttest only control design, used Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with five concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,100%), positive control (chloramphenicol 30 µg) and negative control (ethanol 96%).Result The result of this study showed the average of inhibition zone diameter of each concentration consecutively 26,2 mm, 28,3 mm, 29,7 mm, 31 mm and 31,5 mm. One Way Anova statistic analysis showed that the value of p is 0.000 so there is the difference of growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations of ethanol extract of a biduri leaf.Conclusion The conclusion of this study is there are differences in growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations of ethanol extract of biduri leaf and an effective concentration that can inhibit of Staphylococcus aureus is concentration 20% with mean inhibition zone is 26,2 mm. Keywords: ethanol extract of biduri leaf; Staphylococcus aureus; inhibition zone

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