scholarly journals An Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance of Clinical Pathogens from Historical Samples for Six Countries

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Li ◽  
Joanna Zheng ◽  
Thomas Deng ◽  
James Peng ◽  
Dagmar Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Time Profiles ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk

The spread of antimicrobial resistance pathogens in humans has increasingly become an issue that threatens public health. While the NCBI Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser (NPDIB) database has been collecting clinical isolate samples over time for various countries, few studies have been done to identify genes and pathogens responsible for the antimicrobial resistance in clinical settings. This study conducted the first multivariate statistical analysis of the high-dimensional historical data from the NPDIB database for six different countries from majorly inhabited landmasses, including Australia, Brazil, China, South Africa, the UK, and the US. The similarities among different countries in terms of genes and pathogens were investigated to understand the potential avenues for antimicrobial-resistance gene spreading. The genes and pathogens that were closely involved in antimicrobial resistance were further studied temporally by plotting time profiles of their frequency to evaluate the trend of antimicrobial resistance. It was found that several of these significant genes (i.e., aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, blaTEM-1, and qacEdelta1) are shared among all six countries studied. Based on the time profiles, a large number of genes and pathogens showed an increasing occurrence. The most shared pathogens responsible for carrying the most important genes in the six countries in the clinical setting were Acinetobacter baumannii, E. coli and Shigella, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica. South Africa carried the least similar antimicrobial genes to the other countries in clinical isolates.

scholarly journals Investigation of Virulence Genes Detected in Antimicrobial-Resistance Pathogens Isolates for Five Countries across the World

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1589
Author(s):  
Kevin Cui ◽  
Iris Gong ◽  
Alvin Dong ◽  
Jacob Yan ◽  
Max Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk

A large portion of annual deaths worldwide are due to infections caused by disease-causing pathogens. These pathogens contain virulence genes, which encode mechanisms that facilitate infection and microbial survival in hosts. More recently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, also found in these pathogens, have become an increasingly large issue. While the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser (NPDIB) database has been compiling genes involved in microbial virulence and antimicrobial resistance through isolate samples, few studies have identified the genes primarily responsible for virulence and compared them to those responsible for AMR. This study performed the first multivariate statistical analysis of the multidimensional NPDIB data to identify the major virulence genes from historical pathogen isolates for Australia, China, South Africa, UK, and US—the largely populated countries from five of the six major continents. The important virulence genes were then compared with the AMR genes to study whether there is correlation between their occurrences. Among the significant genes and pathogens associated with virulence, it was found that the genes fdeC, iha, iss, iutA, lpfA, sslE, ybtP, and ybtQ are shared amongst all five countries. The pathogens E. coli and Shigella, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae mostly contained these genes and were common among four of the five studied countries. Additionally, the trend of virulence was investigated by plotting historical occurrences of gene and pathogen frequency in the annual samples. These plots showed that the trends of E. coli and Shigella and Salmonella enterica were similar to the trends of certain virulence genes, confirming the two pathogens do indeed carry important virulence genes. While the virulence genes in the five countries are not significantly different, the US and the UK share the largest amount of important virulence genes. The plots from principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering show that the important virulence and AMR genes were not significantly correlated, with only few genes from both types of genes clustered into the same groups.

scholarly journals Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance Detected in Environmental and Clinical Isolates from Historical Data for the US

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Hua ◽  
William Huang ◽  
Albert Chen ◽  
Michael Rehmet ◽  
Cade Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Environmental Setting ◽  
The Us

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an urgent public health issue, as pathogens are becoming increasingly resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. While AMR isolate data are available in the NCBI Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser (NPDIB) database, few researches have been performed to compare antimicrobial resistance detected in environmental and clinical isolates. To address this, this work conducted the first multivariate statistical analysis of antimicrobial-resistance pathogens detected in NPDIB clinical and environmental isolates for the US from 2013 to 2018. The highly occurring AMR genes and pathogens were identified for both clinical and environmental settings, and the historical profiles of those genes and pathogens were then compared for the two settings. It was found that Salmonella enterica and E. coli and Shigella were the highly occurring AMR pathogens for both settings. Additionally, the genes fosA, oqxB, ble, floR, fosA7, mcr-9.1, aadA1, aadA2, ant(2”)-Ia, aph(3”)-Ib, aph(3’)-Ia, aph(6)-Id, blaTEM-1, qacEdelta1, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B) were mostly detected for both clinical and environmental settings. Ampicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, tetracycline, and cefoxitin were the antimicrobials which got the most resistance in both settings. The historical profiles of these genes, pathogens, and antimicrobials indicated that higher occurrence frequencies generally took place earlier in the environmental setting than in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals Investigation of Incidents and Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens in Eight Countries from Historical Sample Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Yang ◽  
Annie Wang ◽  
Matthew Fu ◽  
Aaron Wang ◽  
Kevin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
The Us ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gene Data

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) causes millions of illnesses every year, threatening the success of lifesaving antibiotic therapy and, thus, public health. To examine the rise and spread of antimicrobial resistance around the world, our study performs a multivariate statistical analysis of antimicrobial resistance gene data from eight different countries: the US, the UK, China, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. Multi-dimensional data points were projected onto a two-dimensional plane using principal component analysis and organized into a dendrogram utilizing hierarchical clustering to identify significant AMR genes and pathogens. Outlier genes/pathogens were typically involved in high occurrences of antimicrobial resistance, and they were able to indicate the trend of antimicrobial resistance in the future. Statistical analysis of the data identified: (1) tet(A), aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, blaEC, blaTEM-1, qacEdelta1, sul1, sul2, and aadA1 as the nine most common AMR genes among the studied countries; (2) Salmonella enterica and E. coli and Shigella as the most common AMR foodborne pathogens; and (3) chicken as the most prevalent meat carrier of antimicrobial resistance. Our study shows that the overall number of reported antimicrobial resistance cases in foodborne pathogens is generally rising. One potential contributing factor for this is the increasing antimicrobial usage in the growing livestock industry.

scholarly journals Data-Driven Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens from Six States within the US

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Zhang ◽  
Emily Liu ◽  
Alexander Tang ◽  
Martin Cheng Ye ◽  
Kevin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
The Us

Foodborne pathogens cause thousands of illnesses across the US each year. However, these pathogens gain resistance to the antimicrobials that are commonly used to treat them. Typically, antimicrobial resistance is caused by mechanisms encoded by multiple antimicrobial-resistance genes. These are carried through pathogens found in foods such as meats. It is, thus, important to study the genes that are most related to antimicrobial resistance, the pathogens, and the meats carrying antimicrobial-resistance genes. This information can be further used to correlate the antimicrobial-resistance genes found in humans for improving human health. Therefore, we perform the first multivariate statistical analysis of the antimicrobial-resistance gene data provided in the NCBI Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser database, covering six states that are geographically either in close proximity to one another (i.e., Pennsylvania (PA), Maryland (MD), and New York (NY)) or far (i.e., New Mexico (NM), Minnesota (MN), and California (CA)). Hundreds of multidimensional data points were projected onto a two-dimensional space that was specified by the first and second principal components, which were then categorized with a hierarchical clustering approach. It turns out that aadA, aph(3’’), aph(3’’)-Ib, aph(6)-I, aph(6)-Id, bla, blaCMY, tet, tet(A), and sul2 constructed the assembly of ten genes that were most commonly involved in antimicrobial resistance in these six states. While geographically close states like PA, MD and NY share more similar antimicrobial-resistance genes, geographically far states like NM, MN, and CA also contain most of these common antimicrobial-resistance genes. One potential reason for this spread of antimicrobial-resistance genes beyond the geographic limitation is that animal meats like chicken and turkey act as the carriers for the nationwide spread of these genes.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Genes Involved in the Outbreaks of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in the United States

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1274
Author(s):  
Michelle Li ◽  
Kyle Wang ◽  
Ashley Tang ◽  
Aaron Tang ◽  
Andrew Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Salmonella spp. and Escherichiacoli (E. coli) are two of the deadliest foodborne pathogens in the US. Genes involved in antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and stress response, enable these pathogens to increase their pathogenicity. This study aims to examine the genes detected in both outbreak and non-outbreak Salmonella spp. and E. coli by analyzing the data from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser database. A multivariate statistical analysis was conducted on the genes detected in isolates of outbreak Salmonella spp., non-outbreak Salmonella spp., outbreak E. coli, and non-outbreak E. coli. The genes from the data were projected onto a two-dimensional space through principal component analysis. Hierarchical clustering was then used to quantify the relationship between the genes in the dataset. Most of the outlier genes identified in E. coli isolates are virulence genes, while outlier genes identified in Salmonella spp. are mainly involved in stress response. Gene epeA, which encodes a high-molecular-weight serine protease autotransporter of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) protein, along with subA and subB that encode cytotoxic activity, may contribute to the pathogenesis of outbreak E. coli. The iro operon and ars operon may play a role in the ecological success of the epidemic clones of Salmonella spp. Concurrent relationships between esp and ter operons in E. coli and pco and sil operons in Salmonella spp. are found. Stress-response genes (asr, golT, golS), virulence gene (sinH), and antimicrobial resistance genes (mdsA and mdsB) in Salmonella spp. also show a concurrent relationship. All these findings provide helpful information for experiment design to combat outbreaks of E. coli and Salmonella spp.

scholarly journals Impact of UV and Peracetic Acid Disinfection on the Prevalence of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Wastewater Effluents

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 3656-3666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basanta Kumar Biswal ◽  
Ramzi Khairallah ◽  
Kareem Bibi ◽  
Alberto Mazza ◽  
Ronald Gehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
Municipal Wastewaters ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTWastewater discharges may increase the populations of pathogens, includingEscherichia coli, and of antimicrobial-resistant strains in receiving waters. This study investigated the impact of UV and peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection on the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in uropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC), the most abundantE. colipathotype in municipal wastewaters. Laboratory disinfection experiments were conducted on wastewater treated by physicochemical, activated sludge, or biofiltration processes; 1,766E. coliisolates were obtained for the evaluation. The target disinfection level was 200 CFU/100 ml, resulting in UV and PAA doses of 7 to 30 mJ/cm2and 0.9 to 2.0 mg/liter, respectively. The proportions of UPECs were reduced in all samples after disinfection, with an average reduction by UV of 55% (range, 22% to 80%) and by PAA of 52% (range, 11% to 100%). Analysis of urovirulence genes revealed that the decline in the UPEC populations was not associated with any particular virulence factor. A positive association was found between the occurrence of urovirulence and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, the changes in the prevalence of ARGs in potential UPECs were different following disinfection, i.e., UV appears to have had no effect, while PAA significantly reduced the ARG levels. Thus, this study showed that both UV and PAA disinfections reduced the proportion of UPECs and that PAA disinfection also reduced the proportion of antimicrobial resistance gene-carrying UPEC pathotypes in municipal wastewaters.

scholarly journals Are stock returns an inflation hedge for the UK? Evidence from a wavelet analysis using over three centuries of data

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aviral Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Juncal Cunado ◽  
Rangan Gupta ◽  
Mark E. Wohar
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between stock returns and the inflation rates for the UK over a long time period (February 1790–February 2017) and at different frequencies, by employing a wavelet analysis. We also compare the results for the UK economy with those for the US and two developing countries (India and South Africa). Overall, our results tend to suggest that, while the relationship between stock returns and inflation rates varies across frequencies and time periods, there is no evidence of stock returns acting as an inflation hedge, irrespective of whether we look at the two developed or the two developing markets in our sample.

Stella Artois in South Africa: Cause Marketing and the Building of a Global Brand

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Julie Hennessy
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Consumer Perceptions ◽  
Export Market ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Cause Marketing ◽  
Global Brand ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk

Stella Artois, an AB InBev brand, is the world's best-selling Belgian beer. In early 2017, Ricardo Tadeu, AB InBev Zone President for Africa, is planning the brand's entry into its next export market: South Africa. The case explores Stella's introduction strategies into three of its export markets—the UK (1976), the US (2000), and Mexico (2016)—examining the drivers of the brand's success as well as its failures. Students will analyze the brand's previous launches to determine what made it successful in some markets and not in others. They will apply these learnings to develop a strategy for the brand's introduction to the South African market. Beyond the central discussion of growth through international expansion, the case addresses issues of brand positioning for premium products, changing consumer perceptions, the use of cause marketing, category development and maturity, and competitive strategy.

scholarly journals Effect of Exchange Rate Returns on Equity Prices: Evidence from South Africa and Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Jibrin Daggash ◽  
Terfa W. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Equity Prices ◽  
The Us ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
The Uk

This paper examines the exchange rate returns of the Rand (relative to the US dollar) and the Naira (relative to the US dollar) for the presence of volatility. It also examines the effect of the exchange rate returns on the performance of their respective stock market. While it was found that the returns of the South African Rand was volatile, the Nigerian naira was not. Estimating the effect of exchange rate returns and crude oil price on the stock market indices of both countries showed that exchange rate return have a positive effect on the performance of the Nigerian stock exchange thus, confirming the stock flow hypothesis for Nigeria and refuting same for South Africa. Although the VAR granger causality identifies short run fluctuation of the naira as a significant factor affecting the performance of the Nigerian stock exchange in the short run, the Johannesburg stock exchange was found to be mostly affected by short run changes in the Rand and the UK FTSE 100. The paper concludes that policies aimed at stabilizing exchange rate and encouraing more non-oil stocks to be quoted in the Nigerian stock exchange will important. For the Johanesburg stock exchange, raising the listing requirement for firms quoted in the UK FTSE 100 and also seeking listing or already listed in the JSE will be a plausible idea. For both countries, however, curtailing swings in their exchange rate returns would help attract new investments and sustain existing ones hence, helping to spur growth.

scholarly journals Case-Control Study To Determine whether River Water Can Spread Tetracycline Resistance to Unexposed Impala (Aepyceros melampus) in Kruger National Park (South Africa)

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mariano ◽  
C. M. E. McCrindle ◽  
B. Cenci-Goga ◽  
J. A. Picard
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
National Park ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Aepyceros Melampus

ABSTRACT A case-control study was performed in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, to find out whether impala (Aepyceros melampus) were more likely to harbor tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (TREC) in their feces when they drank from rivers that contained these bacteria than when they drank from rivers that were uncontaminated with TREC. The following five perennial rivers were selected: the Crocodile, the Letaba, the Olifants, the Sabie, and the Sand. Samples of river water (n = 33) and feces (n = 209), collected at 11 different sites, were cultured for E. coli. The resulting colonies were screened for tetracycline resistance by use of the Lederberg replica plating method (breakpoint, 4 mg/liter). A resistant and/or a susceptible isolate was then selected from each sample and subjected to the CLSI MIC broth microdilution test for tetracyclines. Among the 21 water specimens contaminated by E. coli, 19.05% (n = 4) were found to be resistant by the MIC method (breakpoint, ≥8 mg/liter). This led to the Crocodile, Olifants, and Letaba rivers being classified as TREC positive. Among the 209 impala feces sampled, 191 were positive for the presence of E. coli (91.38%). Within these (n = 191), 9.95% (n = 19) of the isolates were shown to be TREC by the MIC method. It was found that 1.11% (n = 1) of the E. coli isolates cultured from the feces of the control group (n = 90) were TREC, in comparison with 17.82% (n = 18) of those in feces from the exposed group (n = 101). The calculation of the odds ratio showed that impala drinking from TREC-contaminated rivers were 19.3 (2.63 to 141.69) times more likely to be infected with TREC than were unexposed impala. This is a significant finding, indicating that surface water could be a possible source of antimicrobial resistance in na�ve animal populations and that impala could act as sentinels for antimicrobial resistance.

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