scholarly journals Hydroxymethylation-Modified Lignin and Its Effectiveness as a Filler in Rubber Composites

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Mohamad Aini ◽  
Nadras Othman ◽  
M. Hussin ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Polybutadiene Rubber ◽  
Modified Lignin

Kraft lignin was modified by using hydroxymethylation to enhance the compatibility between rubber based on a blend of natural rubber/polybutadiene rubber (NR/BR) and lignin. To confirm this modification, the resultant hydroxymethylated kraft lignin (HMKL) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It was then incorporated into rubber composites and compared with unmodified rubber. All rubber composites were investigated in terms of rheology, mechanical properties, aging, thermal properties, and morphology. The results show that the HMKL influenced the mechanical properties (tensile properties, hardness, and compression set) of NR/BR composites compared to unmodified lignin. Further evidence also revealed better dispersion and good interaction between the HMKL and the rubber matrix. Based on its performance in NR/BR composites, hydroxymethylated lignin can be used as a filler in the rubber industry.

scholarly journals Influence of Eco-Friendly Processing Aids on Silica-Based Rubber Composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7244
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Processing Aids

As eco-friendly “green tires” are being developed in the tire industry, conventionally used carbon black is being replaced with silica in rubber compounds. Generally, as a lubricant and dispersing agent, processing aids containing zinc ions have been employed as additives. However, as zinc is a heavy metal, alternative eco-friendly processing aids are required to satisfy worldwide environmental concerns. Furthermore, non-toxic, degradable, and renewable processing aids are required to improve the mechanical properties of the rubber composites. In this study, we evaluated the effects of diverse silica-based processing aids containing hydrocarbon, benzene, and hydroxyl functional groups on the mechanical properties of rubber composites. Among them, rubber composites that used amphiphilic terpene phenol resin (TPR) with hydrophilic silica showed compatibility with the hydrophobic rubber matrix and were revealed to improve the mechanical and fatigue properties. Furthermore, owing to the enhanced dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix, the TPR/styrene butadiene rubber composites exhibited enhanced wet grip and rolling resistance. These results indicated that TPR had multifunctional effects at low levels and has the potential for use as a processing aid in silica-based rubber composites in tire engineering applications.

Properties of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes

2015 ◽  
Vol 1109 ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd Aziz Azira ◽  
Dayang Habibah Abangismawi I. Hassim ◽  
D. Verasamy ◽  
Abu Bakar Suriani ◽  
M. Rusop
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Maximum Conductivity ◽  
Polymer Latex

In order to achieve improvements in the performance of rubber materials, the development of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced rubber composites was attempted. The CNT/epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) nanocomposite was prepared through latex technology. Physical and mechanical properties of the CNT/ENR nanocomposites were characterized in contrast to the carbon black (CB)/ENR composite. The dispersion of the CNTs in the rubber matrix and interfacial bonding between them were rather good; monitored transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of the CNT-reinforced ENR showed a considerable increase compared to the neat ENR and traditional CB/ENR composite. The storage modulus of the CNT/ENR nanocomposites greatly exceeds that of neat ENR and CB/ENR composites and a maximum conductivity of about 1 S m-1 can be achieved. The approach presented can be adapted to other CNT/polymer latex systems.

scholarly journals Properties of Vulcanized Polyisoprene Rubber Composites Filled with Opalized White Tuff and Precipitated Silica

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzana Samaržija-Jovanović ◽  
Vojislav Jovanović ◽  
Gordana Marković ◽  
Ivana Zeković ◽  
Milena Marinović-Cincović
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Reinforcing Effects ◽  
Cure Characteristic

Opalized white tuff (OWT) with 40 μm average particle size and 39.3 m2/g specific surface area has been introduced into polyisoprene rubber (NR). Their reinforcing effects were evaluated by comparisons with those from precipitated silica (PSi). The cure characteristic, apparent activation energy of cross-link (Eac) and reversion (Ear), and mechanical properties of a variety of composites based on these rubbers were studied. This was done using vulcanization techniques, mechanical testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that OWT can greatly improve the vulcanizing process by shortening the time of optimum cure (tc90) and the scorch time (ts2) of cross-linked rubber composites, which improves production efficiency and operational security. The rubber composites filled with 50 phr of OWT were found to have good mechanical and elastomeric properties. The tensile strengths of the NR/OWT composites are close to those of NR/PSi composites, but the tear strength and modulus are not as good as the corresponding properties of those containing precipitated silica. Morphology results revealed that the OWT is poorly dispersed in the rubber matrix. According to that, the lower interactions between OWT and polyisoprene rubber macromolecules are obtained, but similar mechanical properties of NR/OWT (100/50) rubber composites compared with NR/PSi (100/50) rubber composites are resulted.

Study on Preparation and Properties of Starch and 4-Phenolsuflonate Graft Copolymer with HRP Catalysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 129-131 ◽  
pp. 837-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Hua Lv ◽  
Yan Fen Ma ◽  
Rui Gong ◽  
Xiao Liang Yan ◽  
Ming Ming Hou
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Graft Copolymer ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Structure And Properties

Degraded starch was reacted with 4-phenolsuflonate (PHS) in water in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyst/H2O2/acetylacetone (ACAC) to give starch and PHS graft copolymers. The structure and properties of the graft copolymer are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear　Magnetic　Resonance (NMR). The retanned leather exhibits excellent increased thickness and softness, good dyeing ability and eligible mechanical properties.

DISPERSION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERIUM OXIDE FILLED INTO RUBBER COMPOSITES

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaogang Liu ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Yanhong Hu ◽  
Hai Fu ◽  
Mitang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cerium Oxide ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Properties Of Composites

ABSTRACT Rubber composites were synthesized by natural rubber filled with cerium oxide with different particle diameters. The dispersion morphology of cerium oxide in rubber matrix and the mechanical properties of composites were studied, and the contrast experiment of reinforcing rubber with cerium oxide was performed. The results showed that the small particles of cerium oxide had better disparity than the large particles of cerium oxide in NR. The mechanical properties of rubber filled with small particles of cerium oxide were better than those of rubber filled with large particles of cerium oxide. The crystalline rubber was measured by X-ray diffraction, which indicated that the CeO2 accelerated crystallization capacity and confined the rubber chain movement. The tensile strength of rubber was increased by this confinement.

scholarly journals Compatibilization of Vulcanized SBR/NBR Blends using Cis-Polybutadiene Rubber: Influence of Blend Ratio on Elastomer Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Salah Doma ◽  
Elbadawy A. Kamoun ◽  
Sayed Abboudy ◽  
Mohammed A. Belal ◽  
Sherine N. Khattab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Polybutadiene Rubber ◽  
Cure Time

Blends composed of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) were fabricated by melt blending technique using two-roll mill blend machine. Cis- polybutadiene rubber (CBR) was used as a compatibilizer for enhancing the homogeneity between SBR and NBR phases in blends. Although, no previous reports were found to discuss improving electrical properties of vulcanized SBR/NBR blends using unfilled rubber system (i.e. no fillers incorporated).  Raman spectra and SEM images indicate that a significant compatibility within the rubber matrix is observed, due to using CBR compatibilizer. The effect of SBR/NBR blend ratio on curing characteristics, physico-mechanical properties, and physicochemical properties (e.g. network characteristics and thermodynamic parameters) were studied. SBR/NBR blend showed comparatively better mechanical properties, compared to each other individually rubber system. Curing parameters e.g. Mooney viscosity and hardness were increased, while a reduction in cure time and specific gravity was observed with increasing SBR ratio in blends. Results revealed that increasing SBR resulted in an enhancement of the tensile strength, modulus at 300 % and elongation at break up to 40 phr, and then gradually decreased. The TGA results indicated that SBR/NBR blends were thermally decomposed at a temperature range of 340-520°C. The notable decrease of DC conductivity (σdc) of vulcanized blends is owing to the decrease of NBR, which is a polar portion and is responsible for increasing the conductivity of vulcanized blends. This proved that the targeted industrial applications for vulcanized blends are entirely depending upon SBR/NBR blend in elastomers matrix. 

scholarly journals Investigation of Epoxidized Palm Oils as Green Processing Aids and Activators in Rubber Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
DongJu Lee ◽  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Green Processing ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Heat Buildup

Epoxidized palm oil (EPO) is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and a relatively less costly processing aid. In this study, we investigated the suitability of EPO in place of aromatic processing oils in styrene butadiene rubber. The curing properties, mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, and heat buildup properties of rubber composites with EPO were compared with those of the standard with aromatic oils. The rubber composites with EPO showed enhanced mechanical properties including modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break. This is ascribed to the improved dispersion of fillers in the rubber matrix and interaction between the filler and the polymer. Furthermore, EPO in the rubber matrix showed remarkable abrasion resistance, rebound resilience, and heat buildup at low loadings. EPO in a rubber composite presents feasibility as a renewable raw material that can serve as an alternative to petrochemical oils in various applications.

New Concept of Co-Agents for Scorch Delay and Property Improvement in Peroxide Vulcanization

2006 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Alvarez Grima ◽  
A. G. Talma ◽  
R. N. Datta ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Aging Resistance ◽  
Sulfur Vulcanization ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Lower Peroxide

Abstract Peroxide cure is an important and widely used cure system for rubber. Several properties obtained via peroxide vulcanization are superior and not achievable with sulfur vulcanization, e.g.: aging resistance, no reversion and low compression set. However, other properties such as tensile strength and dynamic properties, are inferior to those of sulfur vulcanizates. The use of co-agents in peroxide cure leads to a certain extent to improvement in mechanical properties such as tensile strength. Nevertheless the properties are still inferior with respect to mechanical/dynamical properties of sulfur-cured articles. If these properties can be improved, the range of applications of peroxide cure in the rubber industry can be significantly broadened. Scorch is a common problem in peroxide cure, especially for injection molding and extrusion applications. Several additives can help to improve scorch safety, however, they always result in a lower peroxide efficiency, thus inferior vulcanizate properties. In the present study a new concept of co-agents for peroxide vulcanization is introduced. This new concept consists of the use of a combination of a bismaleimide type co-agent, like N,N′-m-phenylenedimaleimide (BMI-MP), and a sulfur containing compound, like dipentamethylenethiuram tetrasulfide (DPTT). This combination provides scorch safety and at the same time improves the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates. Within the bismaleimide type co-agents N,N′-p-phenylenedimaleimide (BMI-PP) provides better mechanical properties than BMI-MP. The concentration of co-agent and sulfur containing compound have a big influence on the scorch time and on the mechanical properties. Optimal properties are reached with 4 phr of co-agent and 0.7 to 0.96 phr of sulfur containing compound.

scholarly journals Effect of Modified Sepiolite Nanofibers on Properties ofcis-Polybutadiene Rubber Composite Nanomaterials

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Wang ◽  
Lei Feng ◽  
Qingguo Tang ◽  
Jinsheng Liang ◽  
Haifeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Composite Nanomaterials ◽  
Polybutadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Hydrophilic Character ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sepiolite Nanofibers ◽  
Tearing Strength

In order to use sepiolite nanofibers ascis-polybutadiene rubber fillers, the hydrophilic character of sepiolite nanofibers should be modified by grafting organic group and controlling surface free energy for improving compatibility of sepiolite nanofibers in rubber matrix. The relationship between the performance of thecis-polybutadiene rubber filled with sepiolite and the coupling modification was investigated, and the influence of coupling agentγ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane dosage on mechanical properties ofcis-polybutadiene rubber materials was also studied. The results showed that the mechanical properties could be improved obviously after reinforcement by modified sepiolite nanofibers. The optimum dosage of coupling agentγ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane was 7%, and the tensile strength and tearing strength increased by 108.3% and 74.1%, respectively. On this basis, the reinforcement mechanism of the composite rubber materials was also discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Nanosilica on the Mechanical Properties, Compression Set, Morphology, Abrasion and Swelling Resistance of Sulphur Cured EPDM/SBR Composites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vishvanathperumal ◽  
Anand G
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Nanosilica Particles ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Abstract The main objective of the current research work is to explore the effect of nanosilica particles on the compound EPDM/SBR-SiO2 (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer/styrene-butadiene rubber-nanosilica). The composite EPDM/SBR with and without silane coupling agent was processed using an open mill mixer. The nanosilica particles are prepared in the laboratory and were used as the reinforcing material in EPDM/SBR rubber composites. The cure characteristics, mechanical properties, hardness, rebound resilience, swelling resistance, abrasion resistance and compression set of the composites are completely analyzed and studied. Nanosilic particles are produced in the laboratory and used as reinforcement material in EPDM/SBR rubber compounds. Fully analyzed and examined are the cure characteristics, mechanical properties, hardness, rebound resilience, swelling resistance, abrasion resistance and compression collection of the composites. It was also evident from the result that with the inclusion of nanosilica particles in the EPDM/SBR rubber composites, the mechanical properties, swelling resistance, hardness, abrasion resistance and compression set properties improved.

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