scholarly journals Forest Fuel Drying, Pyrolysis and Ignition Processes during Forest Fire: A Review

Processes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Nikolay Viktorovich Baranovskiy ◽  
Viktoriya Andreevna Kirienko
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Forest Fuel ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Prediction Systems

Forest ecosystems perform several functions that are necessary for maintaining the integrity of the planet’s ecosystem. Forest fires are thus a significant danger to all living things. Forest fire fighting is a foreground task for modern society. Forest fire prediction is one of the most effective ways to solve this urgent issue. Modern prediction systems need to be developed in order to increase the quality of prediction; therefore, it is necessary to generalize knowledge about the processes occurring during a fire. This article discusses the key features of the processes prior to forest fuel ignition (drying and pyrolysis) and the ignition itself, as well as approaches to their experimental and mathematical modeling.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling of the impact of forest fires on buildings and structures

2018 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 00021
Author(s):  
Valeriy Perminov ◽  
Victoria Marzaeva
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Fire Initiation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fundamental Physical

The protection of buildings and structures in a community from destruction by forest fires is a very important concern. This paper addresses the development of a mathematical model for fires in the wildland-urban intermix. The forest fire is a very complicated phenomenon. At present, fire services can forecast the danger rating of, or the specific weather elements relating to, forest fire. There is need to understand and predict forest fire initiation, behavior and impact of fire on the buildings and constructions. This paper’s purposes are the improvement of knowledge on the fundamental physical mechanisms that control forest fire behavior. The mathematical modeling of forest fires actions on buildings and structures has been carried out to study the effects of fire intensity and wind speed on possibility of ignition of buildings.

scholarly journals Mathematical Simulation of Forest Fuel Pyrolysis in One-Dimensional Statement Taking into Account Soot Formation

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1616
Author(s):  
Nikolay Baranovskiy ◽  
Viktoriya Kirienko
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Heat And Mass Transfer ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Temperature Distributions ◽  
Forest Fuel ◽  
Fuel Pyrolysis ◽  
High Level

Pyrolysis (thermal decomposition) is considered as the most important stage of a forest fire before direct forest fuel ignition. This process is accompanied by soot particle formation. Such particles have a negative impact on public health in the vicinity of forest fires. The purpose of this article was to investigate the heat and mass transfer process occurring in a typical forest fuel element (birch leaf). The pyrolysis and soot formation processes were taken into account, and various forest fire scenarios were considered. Computational experiments were carried out using the high-level programming language Delphi. Heat and mass transfer processes were described by nonlinear non-stationary differential heat conduction equations with corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The differential equations were solved by the finite difference method. Nonlinearity was resolved using a simple iteration. The main results of the research were (1) physical and mathematical models proposed for modeling forest fuel pyrolysis, taking into account soot formation and conditions corresponding to various forest fires; (2) a computer program coded in the high-level programming language Delphi; (3) the obtained temperature distributions over leaf thickness; (4) volume fractions obtained for various components dependent on time and space coordinates. The qualitative analysis of the dependencies showed that the temperature distributions in the birch leaf structure are similar for all forest fire types and differ only in absolute value. The intensity of the soot formation process directly depends on the forest fire type. The presented results should be useful in predicting and assessing forest fire danger, including near the facilities of the Russian Railways.

scholarly journals Impact of forest fire on diversity of hymenopteran insects – a study at Copia species-used forest, Son La Province

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Nhi Pham ◽  
Vu Tru Hoang ◽  
Van Phu Pham
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hymenopteran Insects

Besides the unsustainable exploitation, farming activities and economic development activities, forest fire is considered as one of the major threats to biodiversity and deforestation in Vietnam. In forest ecosystems, any changes in insect communities can affect species composition, nutrient cycling and numerous other ecological processes. The impact of forest fires, however, is not equal to different insect groups. In this paper, we study the impact of forest fires to hymenopteran insects at Copia species-use forest, Son La Province. This is the first time this kind of study has been taken place in Vietnam. Bên cạnh việc khai thác không bền vững, tập quán canh tác và các hoạt động phát triển kinh tế, cháy rừng được xem là một trong những mối đe dọa chính ảnh hưởng tiêu cực tới đa dạng sinh học và mất rừng ở Việt Nam. Trong các hệ sinh thái rừng, những thay đổi trong cấu trúc của quần xã côn trùng có ảnh hưởng tới thành phần loài, chu trình dinh dưỡng và rất nhiều quá trình sinh thái khác. Tuy nhiên mức độ ảnh hưởng của cháy rừng tới các nhóm côn trùng khác nhau là khác nhau. Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi nghiên cứu tác động của cháy rừng tới nhóm côn trùng cánh màng tại khu rừng đặc dụng Copia, tỉnh Sơn La. Đây cũng là lần đầu tiên tác động của cháy rừng tới nhóm côn trùng cánh màng được thực hiện ở Việt Nam.

scholarly journals SISTEM PERINGATAN DINI KEBAKARAN HUTAN MENGGUNAKAN MODUL NODEMCU DAN BOT TELEGRAM DENGAN KONSEP INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Jamil ◽  
Hafid Saefudin ◽  
Sarby Marasabessy
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Forests have an important role in the life of living things. Nowadays forest fires (Karhutla) become a serious problem that can disrupt the symbiosis and life chain of living things. This problem has become a concern for the community, government and the world. Data obtained until August 2019 recorded 328,724 hectares and burned forest land. To overcome this problem, the government has made various efforts in the form of appeals or legal sanctions on actions that threaten forest sustainability whether carried out individually or in groups. Many cases of forest fires are known when a fire has occurred and little can be detected early. Information on the occurrence of many fires was obtained by residents around the location of the fire. To get the help of the fire department, community participation is needed, to contact the fire department so that they can anticipate the fire disaster early. The aim of this research is to develop a forest fire early warning system using the nodemcu module and the Telegram BOT with the Internet of Things (IOT) concept. Based on the test results of the Forest Fire early warning system using the Nodemcu module and the Telegram BOT with the concept of the Internet of Things (IOT) it is very helpful to provide quick information to find out fires that occur in the forest, by using the Internet of Things method, the officer will be able to know the conditions in real time, because this technology is capable of monitoring hardware using internet communication tools such as Telegram so that distance and location are not affected as long as the sensor used detects changes that occur.Keywords: Internet Of Things, Nodemcu, Telegram, Thingspeak, Forest fires

The Dynamics of Surface Forest Fire and Forest Fuel Ignition Under the Heat Radiation From the Fire Line

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Nikolaevich Goman
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Forest Fuel ◽  
Special Computer Program

The chapter presents the results of experimental-analytical modeling of the surface forest fire dynamics and the process of forest fuel ignition when exposed to thermal radiation from the fire line. The regularities are established for the occurrence and spread of fires in natural ecosystems of the temperate climatic zone. Analytical solutions have been obtained that make it possible to predict the level of heat load on the soil cover of coniferous stands. The special computer program has been developed to calculate the heat load during fires. The methods of field and laboratory modeling revealed patterns of forest fuel heating and ignition depending on moisture content. A practice-oriented method is proposed to calculate the width of fire barriers that limit the spread of forest fires. The methods for creating fire barriers are proposed.

Analysis of forest fire fatalities in Greece: 1977–2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michalis Diakakis ◽  
Gavriil Xanthopoulos ◽  
Leontios Gregos
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Human Losses

Although forest fires are considered an integral part of forest ecosystems, the abundance of human activities in forested areas has led to a significant number of human casualties and to important effects on properties and infrastructure. Over recent decades, Greece has suffered extensive forest fire disasters, with a significant number of fatalities being recorded. However, there is no coherent inventory of human losses from fires in the country. This work develops and examines a database of 208 fatalities occurring in 78 forest fires in Greece between 1977 and 2013 to provide a better understanding of the circumstances under which fatal incidents occur. Around three-quarters of the victims were civilians; the remainder were firefighters, forest service officials and aircraft crews. Most deaths occurred in July and August, generally under adverse meteorological conditions. Male and older individuals showed an overrepresentation among the victims. A significant number of fatalities occurred in open space, mostly in wildland–urban interface areas and in tall forest vegetation. Late evacuation on foot or in a vehicle and firefighting were the most common activities of victims at the time of the incidents.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling of the initiation and spread of forest fires and their impact on buildings and structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
V.A. Perminov ◽  
◽  
K.O. Fryanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Discrete Analogue ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
Fire Spreading

Currently, methods of mathematical modeling are used to study processes in emergency situations. Forest fires are extremely complex and destructive natural phenomena which depend on availability of fuel, meteorological and other conditions. Mathematical model of forest fire is based on an analysis of known experimental data and using concept and methods from reactive media mechanics. In this paper the theoretical study of the problems of crown forest fire spread in windy condition and their thermal impact on the wooden building were carried out. The research was based on numerical solution of two-dimensional Reynolds equations. The boundary-value problem is solved numerically using the method of splitting according to physical processes. A discrete analogue for the system of equations was obtained by means of the control volume method. A study of forest fire spreading made it possible to obtain a detailed picture of the change of the component concentration of gases and temperature fields in forest fire and on the wall of building with time. It let to determine the limiting distances between forest fire and building for possibility of wooden walls ignition for different meteorology conditions, size of building and intensity of fire impact.

scholarly journals Integrated Use of AHP and GIS Techniques for Generating Forest Fire Risk Map in Karacabey Flooded Forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Abdullah E. Akay
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Risk Map ◽  
Gis Techniques ◽  
Flooded Forest ◽  
Risk Maps ◽  
Forest Fire Risk

Flooded forests are very important ecosystems that are rich in terms of their diverse flora and fauna. However, they are mostly degraded in many parts of the world, and the remaining fragmented areas are in a critical condition. Forest fires are one of the major environmental disasters that cause serious damage to forest ecosystems, and negatively affect the sustainability of forest resources. In order to minimize the potential effects of fires on forest ecosystems, forest fire risk maps should be generated, and thereby the necessary precautionary measures can be taken in these areas, according to fire risk levels. Geographical information system (GIS) techniques, integrated with multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods, can be effectively used to develop risk maps for natural hazards, such as forest fires, winter storms, floods, etc. In this study, GIS techniques integrated with an AHP (analytic hierarchy process) method were used to generate a forest fire risk map. The study was implemented in the Karacabey flooded forest, located in the city of Bursa in Turkey. In the solution process, the forest fire risk was evaluated considering two major risk factors, including stand structures (tree species, crown closure, and tree stage) and topographic factors (slope and aspect). The vegetation factor under climate control was considered, instead of directly using data of climatic elements such as temperature and humidity. The results indicated that 25.28% of the forest area was of high fire risk, while 53.17% and 21.55% was of medium and low fire risk, respectively. It was found that the most effective criterion was tree species, followed by tree stage. This aspect had the least effective criterion on forest fire risk. It was revealed that GIS techniques integrated with MCDA methods can be used effectively to estimate forest fire risk zones.

scholarly journals Innovative Action for Forest Fire Prevention in Kythira Island, Greece, through Mobilization and Cooperation of the Population: Methodology and Challenges

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Gavriil Xanthopoulos ◽  
Miltiadis Athanasiou ◽  
Alexia Nikiforaki ◽  
Konstantinos Kaoukis ◽  
Georgios Mantakas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fire ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Fire Prevention ◽  
Forest Fuels ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Forest Fire Prevention ◽  
Forest Rehabilitation ◽  
Innovative Action

The island of Kythira in Greece suffered a major forest fire in 2017 that burned 8.91% of its total area and revealed many challenges regarding fire management. Following that, the Hellenic Society for the Protection of Nature joined forces with the Institute of Mediterranean and Forest Ecosystems in a project aiming to improve fire prevention there through mobilization and cooperation of the population. This paper describes the methodology and the results. The latter include an in-depth analysis of fire statistics for the island, development of a forest fuels map, and prevention planning for selected settlements based on fire modeling and on an assessment of the vulnerability of 610 structures, carried out with the contribution of groups of volunteers. Emphasis was placed on informing locals, including students, through talks and workshops, on how to prevent forest fires and prepare their homes and themselves for such an event, and on mobilizing them to carry out fuel management and forest rehabilitation work. In the final section of the paper, the challenges that the two partners faced and the project achievements and shortcomings are presented and discussed, leading to conclusions that can be useful for similar efforts in other places in Greece and elsewhere.

Predicting forest fire in Indonesia using remote sensing data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwei Yang ◽  
Kuldeep S Meel ◽  
Massimo Lupascu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Roc Curve ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Computational Sustainability ◽  
Area Under Roc Curve ◽  
Forest Fire Danger ◽  
Prediction Systems

<p>Over the last decades we are seeing an increase in forest fires due to deforestation and climate change. In Southeast Asia, tropical peatland forest fires are a major environmental issue having a significant effect on the climate and causing extensive social, health and economical impacts. As a result, forest fire prediction has emerged as a key challenge in computational sustainability. Existing forest fire prediction systems, such as the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (Natural Resources Canada), are based on handcrafted features and use data from instruments on the ground. However, data from instruments on the ground may not always be available. In this work, we propose a novel machine learning approach that uses historical satellite images to predict forest fires in Indonesia. Our prediction model achieves more than 0.86 area under the receiver operator characteristic(ROC) curve. Further evaluations show that the model's prediction performance remains above 0.81 area under ROC curve even with reduced data. The results support our claim that machine learning based approaches can lead to reliable and cost-effective forest fire prediction systems.</p>

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