scholarly journals Stiff-Elongated Balance of PLA-Based Polymer Blends

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4279
Author(s):  
Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte ◽  
Iván Alziri Estrada-Moreno ◽  
Perla Elvia García-Casillas ◽  
Alejandro Vega-Rios
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Vinyl ◽  
Binary Blends ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Elastic Module ◽  
Compatibilizing Agent

In this study, polymer blends with a mechanical property balance based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), stiff polymer, and elongated polymer were developed. First, the binary blends PLA-elongated polymer [ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyethylene], or PLA-stiff polymer [polystyrene or poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (SMMA)] blends were studied using dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA) and analyzed using Minitab statistical software to determine the factors influencing the elongation or stiffness of the blends. Then, ternary blends such as elongation-poly(lactic acid)-stiff, were made from the binary blends that presented optimal performance. In addition, three blends [EVA–PLA–SMMA (EPS)] were elaborated by studying the mixing time (5, 15, and 15 min) and the added time of the SMMA (0, 0, and 10 min). Specifically, the mixing time for EPS 1, EPS 2, and EPS 3 is 5 min, 15 min, and 15 min (first EVA + PLA for 10 min, plus 5 min PLA-EVA and SMMA), respectively. Mechanical, thermal, rheological, and morphological properties of the blends were studied. According to DMA, the results show an increase in elongation at break (εb) and do not decrease the elastic module of poly(lactic acid). Nevertheless, EPS 3 excels in all properties, with an εb of 67% and modulus of elasticity similar to PLA. SMMA has a significant role as a compatibilizing agent and improves PLA processability.

Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Poly(lactic acid/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 970 ◽  
pp. 312-316
Author(s):  
Sujaree Tachaphiboonsap ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Thermoplastic Starch ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Melt Blending ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Blending Method

Thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend and thermoplastic starch (TPS)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blend were prepared by melt blending method. PLA grafted with maleic anhydride (PLA-g-MA) was used as a compatibilizer to improve the compatibility of the blends. As TPS was incorporated into PLA, elongation at break was increased while tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength were decreased. Tensile properties and impact properties of TPS/PLA blend were improved with adding PLA-g-MA indicating the enhancement of interfacial adhesion between PLA and TPS. With increasing PBAT content, elongation at break and impact strength of TPS/PLA blends were improved. The addition of TPS decreased glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc), and melting temperature (Tm) of PLA. Tgand Tcof TPS/PLA blend were decreased by incorporating PLA-g-MA. However, the presence of PBAT reduced Tcof TPS/PLA blend. Thermal properties of TPS/PLA/PBAT blends did not change with increasing PBAT content. SEM micrographs revealed that the compatibilized TPS/PLA blends exhibited finer morphology when compared to the uncompatibilized TPS/PLA blend.

Mechanical and Morphological Behavior of Blends Obtained from Biopolymers (PLA/PLC)

2014 ◽  
Vol 775-776 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Taciana Regina de Gouveia Silva ◽  
Bartira Brandão da Cunha ◽  
Pankaj Agrawal ◽  
Edcleide Maria Araújo ◽  
Tomás Jefférson Alves de Mélo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Morphology Analysis ◽  
Morphological Behavior

In this work, the effect of the PCL content and E-GMA compatibilizer on the mechanical properties and morphology of poly (lactic acid) - PLA/ poly (ε-caprolactone)-PCL blends was investigated. The results of the mechanical properties showed that there was a reduction in the elastic modulus and tensile strength when PCL was added to PLA. The decrease in the modulus was more pronounced when the PCL content was increased from 10 to 20% (wt). The PLA/PCL/E-GMA blend showed the lower modulus and tensile strength. This blend also presented the higher elongation at break and impact strength. The morphology analysis by SEM showed that the PLA/PCL blends where characterized by lack of adhesion between the PLA and PCL phases. The presence of E-GMA in the PLA/PCL/E-GMA blend improved the adhesion between the PLA and PCL phases.Keywords: poly (latic acid); poly (ε-caprolactone); polymer blends; compatibilizer

The Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Graphene Nanoplatelets Filled Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Palm Oil Blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buong Woei Chieng ◽  
Nor Azowa Ibrahim ◽  
Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus ◽  
Mohd Zobir Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Graphene Nanoplatelets ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
Oil Blends ◽  
Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽  
Blending Method

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanocomposites filled with graphene nanoplatelets (xGnP) that contains epoxidized palm oil (EPO) as plasticizer were prepared by melt blending method. PLA was first plasticized by EPO to improve its flexibility and thereby overcome its problem of brittleness. Then, xGnP was incoporated into plasticized PLA to enhance its mechanical properties. Plasticized and nanofilled PLA nanocomposites (PLA/EPO/xGnP) showed improvement in the elongation at break by 3322% and 61% compared to pristine PLA and PLA/EPO, respectively. The use of EPO and xGnP increases the mobility of the polymeric chains, thereby improving the flexibility and plastic deformation of PLA. The nanocomposites also resulted in an increase of up to 26.5% in the tensile strength compared with PLA/EPO blend. XRD pattern showed the presence of peak around 26.5° in PLA/EPO/xGnP nanocomposites which corresponds to characteristic peak of graphene nanoplatelets. Plasticized PLA reinforced with xGnP showed that increasing the xGnP content triggers a substantial increase in thermal stability. Crystallinity of the nanocomposites as well as cold crystallization and melting temperature did not show any significant changes upon addition of xGnP. However, there was a significant decrease of glass transition temperature up to 0.3wt% of xGnP incorporation. The TEM micrograph of PLA/EPO/xGnP shows that the xGnP was uniformly dispersed in the PLA matrix and no obvious aggregation was observed.

scholarly journals Production of Eco-Sustainable Materials: Compatibilizing Action in Poly (Lactic Acid)/High-Density Biopolyethylene Bioblends

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12157
Author(s):  
Eduardo da Silva Barbosa Ferreira ◽  
Carlos Bruno Barreto Luna ◽  
Danilo Diniz Siqueira ◽  
Edson Antonio dos Santos Filho ◽  
Edcleide Maria Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
High Density ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Additional Influence ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Motivated by environment preservation, the increased use of eco-friendly materials such as biodegradable polymers and biopolymers has raised the interest of researchers and the polymer industry. In this approach, this work aimed to produce bioblends using poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and high-density biopolyethylene (BioPE); due to the low compatibility between these polymers, this work evaluated the additional influence of the compatibilizing agents: poly (ethylene octene) and ethylene elastomer grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (POE-g-GMA and EE-g-GMA, respectively), polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA), polyethylene grafted with acrylic acid (PE-g-AA) and the block copolymer styrene (ethylene-butylene)-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) to the thermal, mechanical, thermomechanical, wettability and morphological properties of PLA/BioPE. Upon the compatibilizing agents’ addition, there was an increase in the degree of crystallinity observed by DSC (2.3–7.6% related to PLA), in the thermal stability as verified by TG (6–15 °C for TD10%, 6–11 °C TD50% and 112–121 °C for TD99.9% compared to PLA) and in the mechanical properties such as elongation at break (with more expressive values for the addition of POE-g-GMA and SEBS-g-MA, 9 and 10%, respectively), tensile strength (6–19% increase compared to PLA/BioPE bioblend) and a significant increase in impact strength, with evidence of plastic deformation as observed through SEM, promoted by the PLA/ BioPE phases improvement. Based on the gathered data, the added compatibilizers provided higher performing PLA/BioPE. The POE-g-GMA compatibilizer was considered to provide the best properties in relation to the PLA/BioPE bioblend, as well as the PLA matrix, mainly in relation to impact strength, with an increase of approximately 133 and 100% in relation to PLA and PLA/BioPE bioblend, respectively. Therefore, new ecological materials can be manufactured, aiming at benefits for the environment and society, contributing to sustainable development and stimulating the consumption of eco-products.

scholarly journals Properties Investigation of Epoxidized Sunflower Oil as Bioplasticizer for Poly (Lactic Acid)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed BOUTI ◽  
Ratiba IRINISLIMANE ◽  
Naima Belhaneche-Bensemra
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Mechanical Tensile

Abstract This study aims to improve the ductility of poly (lactic acid) (PLA). For that purpose, bioblends based on PLA and epoxidized vegetable oils (EVO) as bioplasticizers were prepared. Commercial sunflower oil was epoxidized and epoxidized sunflower oil (ESO) was used as plasticizer for PLA. To investigate ESO potential as plasticizer for PLA, its plasticizing effect was compared with commercial epoxidized soya bean oil (ESBO). The plasticizers (ESO or ESBO) were respectively compounded with PLA at 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%. Mechanical (tensile and Shore D hardness), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) and morphological properties (optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) were characterized. The results showed that the addition of ESO or ESBO to PLA decreased tensile strength and tensile modulus compared to neat PLA but increased elongation at break for which an optimum (9.02%, 15.55% and 33.67% for ESBO, ESO5.5% and ESO6.5% respectively) was reached at a content of 20 wt% of plasticizer. The structures of the obtained plasticized PLA were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. DSC showed a clear decrease in the glass transition temperature of PLA and SEM analysis proved successful modification on the PLA brittle morphology with addition of EVO. On the other hand, TGA results revealed significant increase in the thermal stability. Based on the results of this study, ESO exhibited promising results regarding

Properties of HDPE/Biodegradable Polymer Blends Using Modified Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 873 ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanon Wiphanurat ◽  
Pran Hanthanon ◽  
Thiti Kaisone ◽  
Rathanawan Magaraphan ◽  
Tarinee Nampitch
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Biodegradable Polymer ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
High Tensile Strength ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Compatibilization Effect ◽  
Scanning Electron

Biodegradable blends consisting of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate) (PBAT) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were blended in two proportions at PLA/PBAT/ENR ratios of 70/10/20 and 70/20/10. Then, blends these biodegradable polymers (PLA/PBAT/ENR) with HDPE at various ratios of 20/80, 10/90 and 5/95 wt%, the mechanical and morphological properties were investigated. Tensile tests of PLA/PBAT/ENR blends revealed high tensile strength and modulus but low elongation compared with HDPE. The tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of HDPE/biodegradable polymer blends decreased with increasing biodegradable polymer contents. Morphological properties of HDPE/biodegradable polymer blends were investigated by scanning electron microscope, which showed smoother surface of HDPE/biodegradable (70/10/20) than those of (70/20/10) polymer blends according to ENR compatibilization effect.

Effect of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Poly(actic acid) on Properties of Sawdust/Poly(lactic acid) Composites Toughened with Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)

2014 ◽  
Vol 970 ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiraporn Nomai ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Melt Blending ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Blending Process ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Sawdust/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites toughened with poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) were prepared using a melt blending process. Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the composites were investigated. With the addition of PBAT into the sawdust/PLA composite, elongation at break and impact strength increased whereas tensile strength and tensile modulus decreased. In addition, thermal stability of the PLA composite improved with the presence of PBAT. Maleic anhydride grafted poly (lactic acid) (PLA-g-MA) was used as a compatibilizer to improve the compatibility of sawdust/PLA/PBAT composites. The compatibilized composites showed higher mechanical properties and thermal decomposition temperatures than that of the uncompatibilized composite due to improved interfacial adhesion between constituents of the composites. The optimum content of PLA-g-MA for sawdust/PLA/PBAT composites was 5 wt%. SEM micrographs revealed some features of ductile fracture in the composites toughened with PBAT and confirmed that PLA-g-MA improved the compatibility of the composites.

Tensile and water absorption properties of solvent cast biofilms of sugarcane leaves fibre-filled poly(lactic) acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuhananthan Nanthakumar ◽  
Chan Ming Yeng ◽  
Koay Seong Chun
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Bleaching Treatment

This research covers the preparation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/sugarcane leaves fibre (SLF) biofilms via a solvent-casting method. The results showed that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of PLA/SLF biofilms increased with the increasing of SLF content. Nevertheless, the elongation at break showed an opposite trend as compared to tensile strength and Young’s modulus of biofilms. Moreover, water absorption properties of PLA/SLF biofilms increased with the increasing of SLF content. In contrast, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of biofilms were enhanced after bleaching treatment with hydrogen peroxide on SLF, but the elongation at break and water absorption properties of bleached biofilms were reduced due to the improvement of filler–matrix adhesion in biofilms. The tensile and water properties were further discussed using B-factor and Fick’s law, respectively. Furthermore, the functional groups of unbleached and bleached SLF were characterized by Fourier transform infrared analysis.

Effects of walnut shell powders on the morphology and the thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1383-1395
Author(s):  
Hongjuan Zheng ◽  
Zhengqian Sun ◽  
Hongjuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Property Testing ◽  
Walnut Shell ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Heat Distortion Temperature ◽  
Testing Techniques

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has good environmental compatibility, however, its high brittleness, slow rate of crystallization, and low heat distortion temperature restrict its widespread use. To overcome these limitations, in this study, PLA was mixed with walnut shell (WS) powders. The effects of WS powders on the morphology and the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA were investigated. The products were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and various mechanical property testing techniques. The results showed that WS powders had a significant effect on the morphology and the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA. The tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break of the PLA/WS composites first increased and then decreased with the increasing addition of WS powders. When the addition of WS powders was about 0.5 wt%, they reached maximum values of 51.2 MPa, 23.3 MPa, and 19.0%, respectively. Compared with neat PLA, the spherulite grain size of the composites could be reduced and many irregular polygons were formed during crystallization. The melting, cold crystallization, and glass-transition temperatures of the composites were lower than those of neat PLA.

scholarly journals Flexural Properties of Wet-Laid Hybrid Nonwoven Recycled Carbon and Flax Fibre Composites in Poly-Lactic Acid Matrix

Aerospace ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Tse ◽  
Xueli Yu ◽  
Hugh Gong ◽  
Constantinos Soutis
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Fibre Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Flax Fibre ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Flexural Properties

Recycling carbon fibre is crucial in the reduction of waste from the increasing use of carbon fibre reinforced composites in industry. The reclaimed fibres, however, are usually short and discontinuous as opposed to the continuous virgin carbon fibre. In this work, short recycled carbon fibres (rCF) were mixed with flax and poly-lactic acid (PLA) fibres acting as the matrix to form nonwoven mats through wet-laying. The mats were compression moulded to produce composites with different ratios of rCF and flax fibre in the PLA matrix. Their flexural behaviour was examined through three-point-bending tests, and their morphological properties were characterised with scanning electron and optical microscopes. Experimental data showed that the flexural properties increased with higher rCF content, with the maximum being a flexural modulus of approximately 14 GPa and flexural strength of 203 MPa with a fibre volume fraction of 75% rCF and 25% flax fibre. The intimate mixing of the fibres contributed to a lesser reduction of flexural properties when increasing the flax fibre content.

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