Azelaic Acid: A Bio-Based Building Block for Biodegradable Polymers

Anamaria Todea; Caterina Deganutti; Mariachiara Spennato; Fioretta Asaro; Guglielmo Zingone; Tiziana Milizia; Lucia Gardossi

doi:10.3390/polym13234091

Azelaic Acid: A Bio-Based Building Block for Biodegradable Polymers

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13234091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 4091

Author(s):

Anamaria Todea ◽

Caterina Deganutti ◽

Mariachiara Spennato ◽

Fioretta Asaro ◽

Guglielmo Zingone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Dicarboxylic Acid ◽

Biodegradable Polymers ◽

Azelaic Acid ◽

Building Block ◽

Enzymatic Synthesis ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Individual Compound ◽

Sustainable Polymers

Azelaic acid is a dicarboxylic acid containing nine C atoms, industrially obtained from oleic acid. Besides its important properties and pharmacological applications, as an individual compound, azelaic acid has proved to be a valuable bio-based monomer for the synthesis of biodegradable and sustainable polymers, plasticizers and lubricants. This review discusses the studies and the state of the art in the field of the production of azelaic acid from oleic acid, the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of bio-based oligo and polyester and their properties, including biodegradability and biocompostability.

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Methylidynetrisphosphonates: Promising C1building block for the design of phosphate mimetics

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry ◽

10.3762/bjoc.9.114 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 991-1001 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Vadim D Romanenko ◽

Valery P Kukhar

Keyword(s):

Carbon Atom ◽

Metal Ions ◽

Building Block ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Backbone Structure ◽

Endogenous Metabolites

Methylidynetrisphosphonates are representatives of geminal polyphosphonates bearing three phosphonate (PO3H2) groups at the bridged carbon atom. Like well-known methylenebisphosphonates (BPs), they are characterized by a P–C–P backbone structure and are chemically stable mimetics of the endogenous metabolites, i.e., inorganic pyrophosphates (PPi). Because of its analogy to PPiand an ability to chelate metal ions, the 1,1,1-trisphosphonate structure is of great potential as a C1building block for the design of phosphate mimetics. The purpose of this review is to present a concise summary of the state of the art in trisphosphonate chemistry with particular emphasis on the synthesis, structure, reactions, and potential medicinal applications of these compounds.

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Practical Picture Processing

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100051700 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 338-339

Author(s):

T. A. Welton

Keyword(s):

Radiation Damage ◽

Coherence Length ◽

Spatial Information ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Coherent Radiation ◽

The State ◽

Energy Spread ◽

Electron Micrograph ◽

Picture Processing ◽

Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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