scholarly journals Rheological and Morphological Properties of Oil Palm Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3739
Author(s):  
Mohd Nazri Ahmad ◽  
Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak ◽  
Mastura Mohammad Taha ◽  
Faizal Mustapha ◽  
Zulkiflle Leman
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Fiber Loading ◽  
Fused Deposition

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a filament-based rapid prototyping technology that allows new composite materials to be introduced into the FDM process as long as they can be manufactured in feedstock filament form. The purpose of this research was to analyze the rheological behavior of oil palm fiber-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) composites when used as a feedstock material, as well as to determine the best processing conditions for FDM. The composite’s shear thinning behavior was observed, and scanning electron microscopy was used to reveal its composition. The morphological result found that there was a good fiber/matrix adhesion with a 3 wt% fiber loading, as no fiber pullouts or gaps developed between the oil palm fiber and ABS. However, some pores and fiber pullouts were found with a 5 and 7 wt% fiber loading. Next, the rheological results showed that the increment of fiber content (wt%) increased the viscosity. This discovery can definitely be used in the extrusion process for making wire filament for FDM. The shear thinning effect was increased by adding 3, 5, or 7 wt% of oil palm fiber. The non-Newtonian index (n) of the composites increased as the number of shear rates increased, indicating that the fiber loading had a significant impact on the rheological behavior. As the fiber loading increased, the viscosity and shear stress values increased as well. As a result, oil fiber reinforced polymer composites can be used as a feedstock filament for FDM.

Mechanical characteristics of oil palm fiber reinforced thermoplastics as filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Nazri Ahmad ◽  
Mohammad Khalid Wahid ◽  
Nurul Ain Maidin ◽  
Mohd Hidayat Ab Rahman ◽  
Mohd Hairizal Osman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Reinforced Thermoplastics ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics

The fabrication of long carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites via fused deposition modelling: Experimental analysis and machine learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832097217
Author(s):  
Chao Hu ◽  
Winson NG Joon Hau ◽  
Weiqi Chen ◽  
Qing-Hua Qin
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Long Carbon Fiber

As a promising technology to revolutionize traditional manufacturing processes, additive manufacturing has received great attention by virtue of its cost savings, minimum material waste, and tool-less production of complex geometries. The development of fiber-reinforced composites via this technique that exhibits superior strength is thus becoming a hot spot in recent years. This paper focused on the 3 D printing of polylactic acid (PLA) composites with the incorporation of chopped long carbon fiber (CF) with an average length of 4.6 mm via FDM fabrication. By varying its loading quantity, the effect of CF contents on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of these 3 D printed composites was thoroughly investigated. The results showed that with the increase of CF contents, all assessed properties of CF/PLA composites including tensile properties, flexural properties, hardness, and thermal conductivity were effectively improved compared to the neat PLA. Their performance exhibited the same upward-downward-upward trend with the addition of CF. It can be attributed to the mutual influence generated from inter-/intra filament porosities and the high stiffness of CF. Meanwhile, a machine learning technique, Gaussian Process modeling was also introduced in this study for the property prediction of the composites. In comparison with the experimental analysis, the optimal CF content of 6.7 wt% with the best overall performance was predicted using this model, which was very close to the best experimental results at 5 wt% CF.

scholarly journals Flammability, Tensile, and Morphological Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Fiber/Pet Yarn-Reinforced Epoxy Fire Retardant Hybrid Polymer Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1282
Author(s):  
M.J. Suriani ◽  
Fathin Sakinah Mohd Radzi ◽  
R.A. Ilyas ◽  
Michal Petrů ◽  
S.M. Sapuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Hybrid Polymer ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Fiber Loading ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fiber is a natural fiber that possesses many advantages, such as biodegradability, eco-friendly, and renewable nature. The effect of the OPEFB fiber loading reinforced fire retardant epoxy composites on flammability and tensile properties of the polymer biocomposites were investigated. The tests were carried out with four parameters, which were specimen A (constant), specimen B (20% of fiber), specimen C (35% of fiber), and specimen D (50% of fiber). The PET yarn and magnesium hydroxide were used as the reinforcement material and fire retardant agent, respectively. The results were obtained from several tests, which were the horizontal burning test, tensile test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result for the burning test showed that specimen B exhibited better flammability properties, which had the lowest average burning rate (11.47 mm/min). From the tensile strength, specimen A revealed the highest value of 10.79 N/mm2. For the SEM morphological test, increasing defects on the surface ruptured were observed that resulted in decreased tensile properties of the composites. It can be summarized that the flammability and tensile properties of OPEFB fiber reinforced fire retardant epoxy composites were reduced when the fiber volume contents were increased at the optimal loading of 20%, with the values of 11.47 mm/min and 4.29 KPa, respectively.

scholarly journals The Micro–Macro Interlaminar Properties of Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyphenylene Sulfide Laminates Made by Thermocompression to Simulate the Consolidation Process in FDM

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Jiale Hu ◽  
Suhail Mubarak ◽  
Kunrong Li ◽  
Xu Huang ◽  
Weidong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Polyphenylene Sulfide ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Continuous Fiber ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Continuous Carbon Fiber ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced

Three-dimensional (3D) printing of continuous fiber-reinforced composites has been developed in recent decades as an alternative means to handle complex structures with excellent design flexibility and without mold forming. Although 3D printing has been increasingly used in the manufacturing industry, there is still room for the development of theories about how the process parameters affect microstructural properties to meet the mechanical requirements of the printed parts. In this paper, we investigated continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CCF/PPS) as feedstock for fused deposition modeling (FDM) simulated by thermocompression. This study revealed that the samples manufactured using a layer-by-layer process have a high tensile strength up to 2041.29 MPa, which is improved by 68.8% compared with those prepared by the once-stacked method. Moreover, the mechanical–microstructure characterization relationships indicated that the compactness of the laminates is higher when the stacked CCF/PPS are separated, which can be explained based on both the void formation and the nanoindentation results. These reinforcements confirm the potential of remodeling the layer-up methods for the development of high-performance carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics. This study is of great significance to the improvement of the FDM process and opens broad prospects for the aerospace industry and continuous fiber-reinforced polymer matrix materials.

Development of Scaffold Building Units and Assembly for Tissue Engineering Using Fused Deposition Modelling

2009 ◽  
Vol 83-86 ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed H. Masood ◽  
Kadhim Alamara
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Unit Cells

In tissue engineering (TE), a porous scaffold structure of biodegradable material is required as a template to guide the proliferation, growth and development of cells appropriately in three dimensions. The scaffold must meet design requirements of appropriate porosity, pore size and interconnected structure to allow cell proliferation and adhesion. This paper presents a methodology for design and manufacture of TE scaffolds with varying porosity by employing open structure building units and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) rapid prototyping technique. A computer modeling approach for constructing and assembly of three-dimensional unit cell structure is presented to provide a solution of scaffolds design that can potentially meet the diverse requirements of TE applications. A parametric set of open polyhedral unit cells is used to assist the user in designing the required micro-architecture of the scaffold with required porosity and pore size and then the Boolean operation is used to create the scaffold of a given CAD model from the designed microstructure. The procedure is verified by fabrication of physical scaffolds using the commercial FDM system.

Comparison of mechanical and morphological properties of 3-D printed functional prototypes: Multi and hybrid blended thermoplastic matrix

2020 ◽  
pp. 089270572092513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir Kumar ◽  
Rupinder Singh ◽  
TP Singh ◽  
Ajay Batish
Keyword(s):  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Tensile Specimen ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
American Society ◽  
Functional Prototype

This article reports the comparison for mechanical and morphological properties of 3-D printed tensile specimen with fused deposition modeling by using multiblended and hybrid blended polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The multiblended PLA matrix was 3-D printed as tensile specimen (as per American Society for Testing and Materials 638 type IV) comprising of 06 layers (01 layer PLA + 01 layer of PLA + polyvinyl chloride + 02 layers of PLA + wood powder + 02 layers of PLA + Fe3O4) each with layer thickness of 0.53 mm. The hybrid blended PLA matrix was also 3-D printed with similar dimensions and printing conditions. The composition/proportion of hybrid blended and multimaterial blended matrix has been selected on the basis of similar melt flow index (MFI) range and the final matrix was compared on basis of equal number of layers (06), similar rheological range (MFI: 40–45 g/10 min) and volume of product (same dimension of prototype). The results of study suggested that the 3-D printed functional prototype of multiblended PLA matrix has better mechanical and morphological properties than hybrid blended PLA matrix. The peak strength and break strength of hybrid blend-based prototype were observed to be 29.56 MPa and 26.60 MPa, respectively, whereas for the multimaterial-based functional prototypes, it was 46.28 MPa and 41.65 MPa, respectively. The results are also supported with scanning electron microscopy-based images, 3-D rendered images, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis analysis.

Localised Pre-Heating to Improve Inter-Layer Delamination Strength in Fused Deposition Modelling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Aitchison ◽  
Qing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Additive Manufacture ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Print Quality ◽  
Air Gaps ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Air Temperatures

Abstract Additive manufacture, specifically Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), is an advancing manufacture method opening up new possibilities in design previously impossible to machine, in a relatively affordable way. However, its use in functional products is limited due to anisotropic strength and reduced strength from injection molded components. This paper aims to increase the tensile strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) in the weakest direction (Z axis), where poor interlayer fusion and air gaps between extruded trails reduce strength. Extra thermal energy was applied to the top surface layer during the printing process (through hot air) to encourage more polymer chain diffusion across the boundary, and spreading out to fill air gaps. Multiple tensile test samples were printed at a variety of heat levels. The ultimate tensile strength σuts was plotted against these temperatures and a weak positive correlation was found. However, only air temperatures above 81°C increased strength past the control to a maximum of 1.4MPa. Heat application has proven to increase tensile strength, but needs to be applied with a more precise method, to the boundary interface, to allow greater thermal energy transfer without sacrificing print quality.

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