scholarly journals Influence of Structure and Composition of Woven Fabrics on the Conductivity of Flexography Printed Electronics

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3165
Author(s):  
Ana María Rodes-Carbonell ◽  
Josué Ferri ◽  
Eduardo Garcia-Breijo ◽  
Ignacio Montava ◽  
Eva Bou-Belda
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Continuous Manufacturing ◽  
Electronic Textiles ◽  
Printing Technique

The work is framed within Printed Electronics, an emerging technology for the manufacture of electronic products. Among the different printing methods, the roll-to-roll flexography technique is used because it allows continuous manufacturing and high productivity at low cost. Nevertheless, the incorporation of the flexography printing technique in the textile field is still very recent due to technical barriers such as the porosity of the surface, the durability and the ability to withstand washing. By using the flexography printing technique and conductive inks, different printings were performed onto woven fabrics. Specifically, the study is focused on investigating the influence of the structure of the woven fabric with different weave construction, interlacing coefficient, yarn number and fabric density on the conductivity of the printing. In the same way, the influence of the weft composition was studied by a comparison of different materials (cotton, polyester, and wool). Optical, SEM, color fastness to wash, color measurement using reflection spectrophotometer and multi-meter analyses concluded that woven fabrics have a lower conductivity due to the ink expansion through the inner part of the textile. Regarding weft composition, cotton performs worse due to the moisture absorption capacity of cellulosic fiber. A solution for improving conductivity on printed electronic textiles would be pre-treatment of the surface substrates by applying different chemical compounds that increase the adhesion of the ink, avoiding its absorption.

scholarly journals The Influence of Physical Properties and Increasing Woven Fabric Layers on the Noise Absorption Capacity

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6220
Author(s):  
Bethalihem Teferi Samuel ◽  
Marcin Barburski ◽  
Ewa Witczak ◽  
Izabela Jasińska
Keyword(s):  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Plain Fabric ◽  
Nonwoven Textiles

Noise pollution from the environment may wreak havoc on a person’s wellbeing. Numerous sound-absorbing materials are employed to address these issues, one of which is textile-woven fabrics. In this study, 12 woven textiles with four different weave structures (plain, rib, sateen, and twill) and those formed from three distinct polyester yarns were evaluated for their sound absorption properties using an impedance tube. The study was conducted within the range of 80–5000 (Hz) frequency. Part of the investigation was measuring different layers of woven fabrics under three different measuring conditions. Firstly, only woven fabrics were evaluated. Following that, woven and nonwoven textiles were measured. The third variant, in addition to the woven fabrics, included an air gap. In addition, this study includes tests and analyses of the effect of roughness and porosity of the fabric structure on the effectiveness of noise reduction by woven fabrics. The absorption capacity of plain fabric is higher at lower frequencies than other woven fabrics. Other weave structures noise reduction efficiency is higher as the frequency range increases. The absorption efficiency of plain fabric decreases with fabric layering. Utilizing woven fabric combined with nonwoven fabric reduces noise more effectively than the air gap variant. Low surface roughness and a highly porous surface of the fabric indicate a high noise reduction coefficient (NRC).

Color segmentation and extraction of yarn-dyed fabric based on a hyperspectral imaging system

2020 ◽  
pp. 004051752095740
Author(s):  
Zhang Jianxin ◽  
Zhang Kangping ◽  
Wu Junkai ◽  
Hu Xudong
Keyword(s):  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Color Segmentation ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Watershed Algorithm ◽  
Density Peak

For multi-color yarn-dyed fabrics which are cross-woven by yarns with different colors, the different colors cannot be directly measured by a traditional spectrophotometer because it can only obtain the average color of solid-color sample in the limited aperture. In this paper, a novel method for color segmentation and extraction for multi-color yarn-woven fabrics based on a Hyperspectral Imaging System (HIS) was proposed. First, the multi-color yarn-woven fabric images were acquired with the HIS. Then a space transformation based on Fréchet distance was used to transform the pre-processed hyperspectral fabric images into gray images, and then an improved watershed algorithm was used to segment the transformed gray images into different color regions. Finally, to solve the problems of over-segmentation with the improved watershed algorithm, an improved k-means clustering algorithm was adopted to merge the over-segmented color regions. The experimental results on four multi-color yarn-woven fabrics showed that the color segmentation accuracy of the proposed method outperformed the ordinary k-means, Fuzzy C-means (FCM), and Density peak cluster (DPC) algorithms on evaluation indexes of compactness (CP) and separation (SP), and the execution efficiency was improved by at least 55%. Furthermore, the color difference between the proposed method and the spectrophotometric measurements ranged from 0.60 to 0.88 CMC (2:1) (Color Measurement Committee) units, which almost satisfied the accuracy of color measurement.

scholarly journals A preliminary study of printed electronics through flexography impression on flexible substrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
ANA M. RODES-CARBONELL ◽  
JOSUÉ FERRI ◽  
EDUARDO GARCIA-BREIJO ◽  
EVA BOU-BELDA
Keyword(s):  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Flexible Substrates ◽  
Continuous Manufacturing ◽  
Colour Fastness ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Silver Ink ◽  
Paper Substrates

The work is framed within Printed Electronics, an emerging technology for the manufacture of electronic products. Among the different printing methods, the roll-to-roll flexography technique is used because it allows continuous manufacturing and high productivity at low cost. Apart from the process parameters, the ink and the substrate properties are some of the variables associated with the flexographic printing. Specifically, this study investigates the ink penetration, the print uniformity, the adhesion, the fastness, and the electrical behaviour of the same conductive silver ink printed on different flexible substrates through the flexography process. In addition to polymeric and siliconized paper substrates, which are typical used in printed electronics, two substrates were also chosen for the study: woven and nonwoven fabric. Optical, scanning electronic microscope (SEM), 4-point Kelvin and colour fastness to wash and rubbing analyses have been performed. The results concluded that, regarding the conductivity behaviour, porous substrates like textiles and nonwoven fabrics without pre and post treatments do not present acceptable results, whereas polymers or silicone papers do. Nevertheless, woven and nonwoven fabrics are a suitable early option regarding colour fastness to wash instead of thin polymeric and paper substrates that tear at the wash machine. A solution for an optimal printing on textiles would be the surface substrates pre-treatment by applying different chemical compounds that increase the adhesion of the ink on the fabric

scholarly journals Pad-Printing as a Fabrication Process for Flexible and Compact Multilayer Circuits

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 6802
Author(s):  
Ahmad Jaafar ◽  
Spyridon Schoinas ◽  
Philippe Passeraub
Keyword(s):  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Touch Sensor ◽  
Printing Quality ◽  
Printing Technique ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
Printing Processes ◽  
Print Size

The purpose of this paper is to present a newly developed process for the fabrication of multilayer circuits based on the pad-printing technique. Even though the maturity level, in terms of accuracy, substrate type and print size of several printing industrial processes is relatively high, the fabrication complexity of multilayer printed electronics remains relatively high. Due to its versatility, the pad-printing technique allows the superposition of printed conductive and insulating layers. Compared to other printing processes, its main advantage is the ability to print on various substrates even on flexible, curved or irregular surfaces. Silver-based inks were used for the formulation of conductive layers while UV inks were employed to fulfil the functionality of the insulating layers. To demonstrate the functionality of the pad-printing results, a multilayer test pattern has been designed and printed on Kapton®. Furthermore, to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, a multilayer circuit composed of three stacked layers has been designed and printed on various substrates including Kapton®, paper and wood. This electronic circuit controls an array of LEDs through the manipulation of a two-key capacitive touch sensor. This study, allowed us to define recommendations for the different parameters leading to high printing quality. We expect a long-term beneficial impact of this study towards a low-cost, fast, and environmental-friendly production of printed electronics.

Two-layer fabrics for moisture management

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilhan Niles ◽  
Sandun Fernando ◽  
Nipuni Rathnayake ◽  
Ayesha Hewamalavi ◽  
Samudika Weerasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Outer Layer ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Smart Fabrics ◽  
Moisture Management ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Fabric Structures

Purpose Woven fabrics have been popularised in use owing to their superior properties and functionality. Today, weavers strive to add value to their product to be competitive and to secure profit in performance fabrics such as technical fabrics, smart fabrics and sportswear fabrics. Over the years, fabrics with special properties such as moisture management have gained higher demand. In this context, multi-layer fabrics provide a reasonable solution to the demand. Design/methodology/approach An attempt was made to develop two-layer fabrics with different compositions and properties. A two-layer woven fabric was produced using handloom weaving, with a hydrophobic inner layer and hydrophilic outer layer, the two layers being attached together using different stitching methods. Different fabric structures and yarn counts were used to achieve the objectives. Findings Experiments carried out verified the suitability of the developed fabric for effective moisture management. It was found that a fabric with a 100% cotton outer layer and 100% polyester inner layer, both layers of 2 × 2 matt weave, showed the best properties. Practical implications In the present COVID-19 pandemic situation, the use of masks in public has become mandatory in many countries. This research will help handloom manufacturers meet the need using simple methods. Originality/value This research uses handloom fabric. As such it provides an opportunity for small and medium enterprises to use available low-cost technology to develop fabric with superior properties.

An Analysis of the System Effects in Woven Fabrics under Ballistic Impact

1992 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 495-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. Cunniff
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Ballistic Impact ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Energy Absorption Capacity ◽  
Impact Mechanics ◽  
Transverse Stresses ◽  
Fabric Structures ◽  
Transverse Deflection

Following a brief review of prior work on fabric-based armor systems, the system effects that occur during the ballistic impact of woven fabric body armor materials are discussed from a conceptual framework developed to relate single yarn impact mechanics to fabric impact mechanics. The consequence of assembling yarns into single-ply fabric structures is discussed from this perspective. A steep strain gradient along yarns in the region of the transverse deflection of the fabric is related to the constraint imposed on them by neighboring yarns. Striking and residual velocity data, collected for single-ply fabric systems of Spectra®, Kevlar® 29, and nylon with various different yarn deniers and weave types, are used to establish the response of spaced armor systems. The system effects of assembling fabric plies into body armor systems are determined by comparing the response of spaced armor systems to actual multiple-ply systems. There is a pronounced decrease in energy absorption capacity for the Spectra and nylon systems; this deleterious effect is ascribed to increased transverse stresses and possible interference of the deflection characteristics of fabric plies by subsequent plies.

Direct Patterning by Inkjet Printing 3-Mercaptopropionic Capped Nano Silver Suspension

2011 ◽  
Vol 409 ◽  
pp. 508-513
Author(s):  
Yu Feng Liu ◽  
Weng Sing Hwang ◽  
Yen Fang Pai ◽  
Ming Hsu Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Inkjet Printing ◽  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Direct Patterning ◽  
Printing Technique ◽  
Fast Processing ◽  
One Step ◽  
Circuit Components ◽  
Printed Patterns

All-printed electronics as a mean of fast processing and achieving ultra-low-cost electronic devices has attracted great interest in recent years. Inkjet printing has excelled as the most promising technique by which the circuit components can be directly drawn on the specific area in one step. Furthermore, the low temperature reduction processes can be achieved by exploit the low-melting point characteristic of nanometallic particles. The inkjet printing technique to deposit silver nanoparticles (3.39±1.21 nm) capped by saturated 3-Mercaptopropionic acid onto silicon substrate was studied. The silver patterns were tested for its functionality as circuit components like conductor, resistor and capacitor. All components can be produced simply by thermal annealing of an inkjet printed patterns under an atmosphere of 90% N2-10% H2 at 300°C for 1 hr.

Intermediate Velocity Impact Response of Carbon/Epoxy Composites with Polycarbonate Facing

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 421-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
U.K. Vaidya ◽  
C.A. Ulven ◽  
M.V. Hosur ◽  
J. Alexander ◽  
L. Liudahl
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Velocity Impact ◽  
Out Of Autoclave ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Impact

Woven fabric composites are increasingly being used in composite structures for applications in the aircraft, marine, and automotive industries. With emerging low-cost processing techniques for composite materials, the role of fabric architectures in sustaining low, intermediate, and high velocity impact loads is a subject of interest. An example of a low-cost process is the out-of-autoclave, vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technique. The present study evaluates the intermediate velocity impact response of two commonly used structural carbon fabric laminates produced from plain and 2/2 twill woven fabrics, processed using VARTM. A series of impact tests have been performed on the all plain, all twill and hybrid plain-twill weave carbon/epoxy laminates. All laminates studied were covered with a polycarbonate facing in order to enhance the impact resistance of the carbon/epoxy laminates. The perforation mechanism, ballistic limit, and damage evolution of each laminate has been studied. The results from the experiments are reported.

Comparison of Color Measuring Methods for Yarn Dyed Woven Fabrics

2012 ◽  
Vol 441 ◽  
pp. 651-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zheng Li ◽  
Cheng Yan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Measuring Methods ◽  
Dyed Fabrics

The color appearance mode of yarn dyed woven fabric is different from that of color addition mixture and color subtraction mixture. In order to test and verify the differences of different color measuring methods applied to yarn dyed woven fabrics, 16 samples of yarn dyed woven fabrics made of the threads of different colors in different permutation and combination were tested by human eye evaluation, spectrophotometer and digital image processing system in this paper. The results showed that both the spectrophotometer and digital image processing methods were not accurately approximated to the results of human eye evaluation. Relatively, the results of digital image processing method were closer to that of the human eye evaluation. The work of this paper may contribute to promoting the color measurement in yarn dyed fabrics.

scholarly journals Use of Extended Cover Factor Theory in UV Protection of Woven Fabric

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1188
Author(s):  
Klara Kostajnšek ◽  
Krste Dimitrovski
Keyword(s):  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Uv Protection ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Simplified Model ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Cover Factor ◽  
Coefficient Of Reflection ◽  
Uv Protective Properties

The paper presents an extension of existed cover factor theory more suitable for the evaluation of light penetration through a net woven fabrics structure. It also introduces a new simplified model of predicting the ultraviolet (UV) protective properties of woven fabrics assuming that the coefficient of reflection (KR), transmission (KT), and absorption (KA) of constitutive yarns are known. Since usually they are not, the procedure of preparation of simulation of proper woven fabric samples without interlacing and with known constructional parameters is also presented. The procedure finishes with a fast and cheap detection of missed coefficient for any type of yarns. There are differences between theoretical and measured results, which are not particularly significant in regard to the purpose and demands of investigation.

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