scholarly journals Potency of Urea-Treated Halloysite Nanotubes for the Simultaneous Boosting of Mechanical Properties and Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3068
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Kamaruddin Waesateh ◽  
Sitisaiyidah Saiwari ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Nadras Othman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Interfacial Contact ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally occurring tubular clay made of aluminosilicate sheets rolled several times. HNT has been used to reinforce many rubbers. However, the narrow diameter of this configuration causes HNT to have poor interfacial contact with the rubber matrix. Therefore, increasing the distance between layers could improve interfacial contact with the matrix. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)/HNT was the focus. The HNT layer distance was successfully increased by a urea-mechanochemical process. Attachment of urea onto HNT was verified by FTIR, where new peaks appeared around 3505 cm−1 and 3396 cm−1, corresponding to urea’s functionalities. The intercalation of urea to the distance gallery of HNT was revealed by XRD. It was also found that the use of urea-treated HNT improved the modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. This was clearly responsible for interactions between ENR and urea-treated HNT. It was further verified by observing the Payne effect. The value of the Payne effect was found to be reduced at 62.38% after using urea for treatment. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the results from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.

scholarly journals Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 3536
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Kamaruddin Waesateh ◽  
Abdulhakim Masa ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Matrix Interactions ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) are chemically similar to clay, which makes them incompatible with non-polar rubbers such as natural rubber (NR). Modification of NR into a polar rubber is of interest. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) was prepared in order to obtain a composite that could assure filler–matrix compatibility. However, the performance of this composite was still not satisfactory, so an alternative to the basic HNT filler was pursued. The surface area of HNT was further increased by etching with acid; the specific surface increased with treatment time. The FTIR spectra confirmed selective etching on the Al–OH surface of HNT with reduction in peak intensity in the regions 3750–3600 cm−1 and 825–725 cm−1, indicating decrease in Al–OH structures. The use of acid-treated HNT improved modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the filled composites. This was attributed to the filler–matrix interactions of acid-treated HNT with ENR. Further evidence was found from the Payne effect being reduced to 44.2% through acid treatment of the filler. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the degree of crystallinity observed from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.

scholarly journals Development of SBR-Nanoclay Composites with Epoxidized Natural Rubber as Compatibilizer

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rajasekar ◽  
Gert Heinrich ◽  
Amit Das ◽  
Chapal Kumar Das
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Damping Characteristics ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The significant factor that determines the improvement of properties in rubber by the incorporation of nanoclay is its distribution in the rubber matrix. The simple mixing of nonpolar rubber and organically modified nanoclay will not contribute for the good dispersion of nanofiller in the rubbery matrix. Hence a polar rubber like epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) can be used as a compatibilizer in order to obtain a better dispersion of the nanoclay in the matrix polymer. Epoxidized natural rubber and organically modified nanoclay composites (EC) were prepared by solution mixing. The nanoclay employed in this study is Cloisite 20A. The obtained nanocomposites were incorporated in styrene butadiene-rubber (SBR) compounds with sulphur as a curing agent. The morphology observed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) shows that the nanoclay is highly intercalated in ENR, and further incorporation of EC in SBR matrix leads to partial exfoliation of the nanoclay. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed an increase in storage modulus and lesser damping characteristics for the compounds containing EC loading in SBR matrix. In addition, these compounds showed improvement in the mechanical properties.

The Partial Replacement of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) and Precipitated Silica by Recycled Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Powder on Cure Behavior, Tensile Properties and Morphology of Natural Rubber Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 622-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nabil ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
A.R. Azura
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites

In this article, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and precipitated silica were replaced by recycled polyethylene terephthalate powder (R-PET) in natural rubber composites. Five different compositions of NR/HNTs/R-PET and NR/Silica/R-PET composites [i.e. 100/20/0, 100/15/5, 100/10/10, 100/5/15, and 100/0/20 parts per hundred rubber (phr)] were prepared on a two-roll-mill. Comparison of the curing behavior, tensile properties, and morphological characteristics of natural rubber composites was studied. The results indicated that the replacement of HNTs and silica by R-PET decreased the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break of composites, but NR/Silica/R-PET composites showed the lower trend than that NR/HNTs/R-PET did. The negative effect of these properties could be explained by the decrement of crosslink density, R-PET is unable to be transferred the stress due to the weal rubber-fillers interactions, and the reducing of ductility of rubber matrix. The curing results revealed that, with replacement of HNTs and Silica by R-PET, the scorch time (ts2) and cure time (tc90) were decreased. Scanning electron microscopy investigation of tensile fracture surfaces confirmed that co-incorporation of NR/HNTs/R-PET would improve the dispersion of R-PET and enhanced the interactions between fillers and NR matrix rather than NR/Silica/R-PET composites.

Modified palm stearin compatibilized natural rubber/halloysite nanotubes composites: Reinforcement versus strain-induced crystallization

2020 ◽  
pp. 009524432092857
Author(s):  
Nureeyah Jehsoh ◽  
Indra Surya ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Natural rubber (NR) is known as hydrophobic material and is incompatible with hydrophilic filler such as halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). To overcome this obstacle, the compatibilizer is a material of choice to incorporate in such compound. In this study, bio-based compatibilizer was used which was prepared by modification of palm stearin. The presence of special functionalities of modified palm stearin (MPS) was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. It was then varied from 0.5 phr to 2 phr to the NR matrix. Here, the properties were evaluated through the mechanical properties with special attention to the relationship between their reinforcement and crystallization behavior after stretching. It was found that the addition of MPS significantly enhanced the modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. This clearly corresponded to interaction between NR and HNT promoted by MPS. The FTIR spectrum, X-ray diffraction patterns, and scanning electron microscopy images were also utilized to verify the behavior of MPS in the NR/HNT composites. As for the crystallization of the composites, the results obtained from stress–strain curves are in very good agreement to the outputs observed by the synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering. This corresponding interaction of MPS has greatly influenced on assisting the strain-induced crystallization of composites.

The Influence of Recycled Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Powder on Fatigue Life, Thermal Stability, and Morphology of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) and Precipitated Silica Filled Natural Rubber Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 628-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nabil ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
A.R. Azura
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Degradation Temperature ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites

In this paper, the influence of recycled polyethylene terephthalate powder (R-PET) on fatigue life, thermal properties and micro-fracture surfaces of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and silica filled natural rubber composites have been studied. The total amount of hybrid filler in each formulation was kept constant at 20 parts per hundred rubber (phr). The final properties of HNTs/R-PET and Silica/R-PET compounds are considered separately and comparatively. Results indicated that the fatigue life of the natural rubber composites decreased with the replacement of these two fillers by R-PET powder. This observation might be due to the R-PET itself, which reduces the interfacial adhesion and wettability between rubber matrix and fillers. By replacing of HNTs and silica with R-PET powder, the thermal degradation of natural rubber composites was shifted to a lower temperature and the char residues was decreased, in which HNTs/R-PET composites expressed the higher temperature and char residues than silica/R-PET composites. This findings may be due to the HNTs/R-PET has less volatile matter than silica/R-PET that might enhance the degradation temperature of the natural rubber composites. SEM micrographs also exhibited weak interfacial adhesion when these two fillers were replaced with R-PET powder in NR composites.

scholarly journals Combination of Self-Healing Butyl Rubber and Natural Rubber Composites for Improving the Stability

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 443
Author(s):  
Kunakorn Chumnum ◽  
Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee ◽  
Jobish Johns ◽  
Karnda Sengloyluan ◽  
Yeampon Nakaramontri
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The self-healing composites were prepared from the combination of bromobutyl rubber (BIIR) and natural rubber (NR) blends filled with carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon black (CB). To reach the optimized self-healing propagation, the BIIR was modified with ionic liquid (IL) and butylimidazole (IM), and blended with NR using the ratios of 70:30 and 80:20 BIIR:NR. Physical and chemical modifications were confirmed from the mixing torque and attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). It was found that the BIIR/NR-CNTCB with IL and IM effectively improved the cure properties with enhanced tensile properties relative to pure BIIR/NR blends. For the healed composites, BIIR/NR-CNTCB-IM exhibited superior mechanical and electrical properties due to the existing ionic linkages in rubber matrix. For the abrasion resistances, puncture stress and electrical recyclability were examined to know the possibility of inner liner applications and Taber abrasion with dynamic mechanical properties were elucidated for tire tread applications. Based on the obtained Tg and Tan δ values, the composites are proposed for tire applications in the future with a simplified preparation procedure.

The Effect of Epoxidation on Strain‐Induced Crystallization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (14) ◽  
pp. 1900042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Kaijing Niu ◽  
Weixiao Song ◽  
Shouke Yan ◽  
Xiuying Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Graphene networks and their influence on free-volume properties of graphene–epoxidized natural rubber composites with a segregated structure: rheological and positron annihilation studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 12175-12184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canzhong He ◽  
Xiaodong She ◽  
Zheng Peng ◽  
Jieping Zhong ◽  
Shuangquan Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Positron Annihilation ◽  
Free Volume ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Volume Properties ◽  
Geometric Confinement ◽  
Segregated Structure

The motion of ENR chains is retarded by the geometric confinement of “GE networks”, producing a high-density interfacial region in the vicinity of GE nanoplatelets.

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