scholarly journals Properties of Wood–Plastic Composites Manufactured from Two Different Wood Feedstocks: Wood Flour and Wood Pellets

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2769
Author(s):  
Geeta Pokhrel ◽  
Douglas J. Gardner ◽  
Yousoo Han
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Plastic Composites

Driven by the motive of minimizing the transportation costs of raw materials to manufacture wood–plastic composites (WPCs), Part I and the current Part II of this paper series explore the utilization of an alternative wood feedstock, i.e., pellets. Part I of this study reported on the characteristics of wood flour and wood pellets manufactured from secondary processing mill residues. Part II reports on the physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)-based WPCs made using the two different wood feedstocks, i.e., wood flour and wood pellets. WPCs were made from 40-mesh wood flour and wood pellets from four different wood species (white cedar, white pine, spruce-fir and red maple) in the presence and absence of the coupling agent maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP). With MAPP, the weight percentage of wood filler was 20%, PP 78%, MAPP 2% and without MAPP, formulation by weight percentage of wood filler was 20% and PP 80%. Fluorescent images showed wood particles’ distribution in the PP polymer matrix was similar for both wood flour and ground wood pellets. Dispersion of particles was higher with ground wood pellets in the PP matrix. On average, the density of composite products from wood pellets was higher, tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact strength were lower than the composites made from wood flour. Flexural properties of the control composites made with pellets were higher and with MAPP were lower than the composites made from wood flour. However, the overall mechanical property differences were low (0.5–10%) depending on the particular WPC formulations. Statistical analysis also showed there was no significant differences in the material property values of the composites made from wood flour and wood pellets. In some situations, WPC properties were better using wood pellets rather than using wood flour. We expect if the material properties of WPCs from wood flour versus wood pellets are similar and with a greater reduction in transportation costs for wood pellet feedstocks, this would be beneficial to WPC manufacturers and consumers.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of the Properties of Wood Flour and Wood Pellets Manufactured from Secondary Processing Mill Residues

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2487
Author(s):  
Geeta Pokhrel ◽  
Yousoo Han ◽  
Douglas J. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Secondary Processing ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Mill Residues

The generation of secondary processing mill residues from wood processing facilities is extensive in the United States. Wood flour can be manufactured utilizing these residues and an important application of wood flour is as a filler in the wood–plastic composites (WPCs). Scientific research on wood flour production from mill residues is limited. One of the greatest costs involved in the supply chain of WPCs manufacturing is the transportation cost. Wood flour, constrained by low bulk densities, is commonly transported by truck trailers without attaining allowable weight limits. Because of this, shipping costs often exceed the material costs, consequently increasing raw material costs for WPC manufacturers and the price of finished products. A bulk density study of wood flour (190–220 kg/m3) and wood pellets (700–750 kg/m3) shows that a tractor-trailer can carry more than three times the weight of pellets compared to flour. Thus, this study focuses on exploring the utilization of mill residues from four wood species in Maine to produce raw materials for manufacturing WPCs. Two types of raw materials for the manufacture of WPCs, i.e., wood flour and wood pellets, were produced and a study of their properties was performed. At the species level, red maple 40-mesh wood flour had the highest bulk density and lowest moisture content. Spruce-fir wood flour particles were the finest (dgw of 0.18 mm). For all species, the 18–40 wood flour mesh size possessed the highest aspect ratio. Similarly, on average, wood pellets manufactured from 40-mesh particles had a lower moisture content, higher bulk density, and better durability than the pellets from unsieved wood flour. Red maple pellets had the lowest moisture content (0.12%) and the highest bulk density (738 kg/m3). The results concluded that the processing of residues into wood flour and then into pellets reduced the moisture content by 76.8% and increased the bulk density by 747%. These material property parameters are an important attempt to provide information that can facilitate the more cost-efficient transport of wood residue feedstocks over longer distances.

Effects of the Size of Wood Flour on Mechanical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Bing Huang ◽  
Hu Hu Du ◽  
Wei Hong Wang ◽  
Hai Gang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Inorganic Filler ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
Plastic Composites

In this article, wood-plastic composites(WPCs) were manufactured with wood flour(80～120mesh、40～80mesh、20～40mesh、10～20mesh) combing with high density polyethylene(HDPE). Effects of the size of wood flour on mechanical properies and density of composites were investigated. Results showed that particle size of wood flour had an important effect on properitiesof WPCs. Change of mesh number had a outstanding effect on flexural modulus, tensile modulus and impact strength, howere, little effect on flexural strength and tensile strength. When mesh number of wood flour changed from 80～120mesh to 10～20mesh,flexural modulus and tensile modulus were respectively enhanced by 42.4% and 28.4%, respectively, and impact strength was decreased by 35.5%.Size of wood flour basically had no effect on density of composite within 10～120mesh. The use of wood flour or fiber as fillers and reinforcements in thermoplastics has been gaining acceptance in commodity plastics applications in the past few years. WPCs are currently experiencing a dramatic increase in use. Most of them are used to produce window/door profiles,decking,railing,ang siding. Wood thermoplastic composites are manufactured by dispering wood fiber or wood flour(WF) into molten plastics to form composite materials by processing techniques such as extrusion,themoforming, and compression or injection molding[1]. WPCs have such advantages[2]：(1)With wood as filler can improve heat resistance and strength of plastic, and wood has a low cost, comparing with inorganic filler, wood has a low density. Wood as strengthen material has a great potential in improving tensile strength and flexural modulus[3]；(2) For composite of same volume, composites with wood as filler have a little abrasion for equipment and can be regenerated；(3)They have a low water absorption and low hygroscopic property, They are not in need of protective waterproof paint, at the same time, composite can be dyed and painted for them own needs；(4)They are superior to wood in resistantnce to crack、leaf mold and termite aspects, composites are the same biodegradation as wood；(5)They can be processed or connected like wood；（6）They can be processed into a lots of complicated shape product by means of extrusion or molding and so on, meanwhile, they have high-efficiency raw material conversion and itself recycle utilization[4]. While there are many sucesses to report in WPCs, there are still some issues that need to be addressed before this technology will reach its full potential. This technology involves two different types of materials: one hygroscopic(biomass) and one hydrophobic(plastic), so there are issues of phase separation and compatibilization[5]. In this paper, Effects of the size of wood powder on mechanical properties of WPCs were studied.

Physical and mechanical properties of wood plastic composites polystyrene-white oak wood flour

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Flores-Hernández ◽  
I Reyes González ◽  
MG Lomelí-Ramírez ◽  
FJ Fuentes-Talavera ◽  
JA Silva-Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Plastic Composites

scholarly journals Chemical Modifications of Continuous Aramid Fiber for Wood Flour/High-Density-Polyethylene Composites with Improved Interfacial Bonding

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Wanyu Liu ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Shunmin Yi ◽  
Limin Wang ◽  
Haigang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
High Density ◽  
Aramid Fiber ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
Vinyl Triethoxysilane ◽  
Extrusion Method ◽  
Polyethylene Composites

To expand the use of wood plastic composites in the structural and engineering constructions applications, continuous aramid fiber (CAF) with nondestructive modification was incorporated as reinforcement material into wood-flour and high-density-polyethylene composites (WPC) by extrusion method with a special die. CAF was treated with dopamine (DPA), vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES), and DPA/VTES, respectively. The effects of these modifications on compatibility between CAF and WPCs and the properties of the resulting composites were explored. The results showed that compared with the original CAF, the adhesion strength of DPA and VTES combined modified CAF and WPCs increased by 143%. Meanwhile, compared with pure WPCs, CAF after modification increased the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength of the resulting composites by 198, 92, and 283%, respectively.

In situ fabrication of wood flour/nano silica hybrid and its application in polypropylene‐based wood‐plastic composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanbin Ma ◽  
Hui He ◽  
Bai Huang ◽  
Huaishuai Jing ◽  
Zijin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Wood Flour ◽  
Nano Silica ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
In Situ Fabrication ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
Silica Hybrid

scholarly journals Properties of Fibrillated Wood Flour, and of Wood-plastic Composites Made with Fibrillated Wood Flour

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Ito ◽  
Shinji Ogoe ◽  
Masaki Okamoto ◽  
Shigehiko Suzuki ◽  
Yoichi Kojima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Flour ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
Plastic Composites

Effects of nanoclay on physical and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Rangavar ◽  
Hamid Reza Taghiyari ◽  
Abdulrasol Oromiehie ◽  
Tahere Gholipour ◽  
Arsalan Safarpour
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
Plastic Composites
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