scholarly journals Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Residual Hops after Supercritical Extraction in CO2

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2736
Author(s):  
Jacek Mirowski ◽  
Rafał Oliwa ◽  
Mariusz Oleksy ◽  
Edward Rój ◽  
Jolanta Tomaszewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Molding Method ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Maximum Heat Release ◽  
Congo Red Test

The common applications of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in many industries mean that the topic of recycling and disposal of post-consumer waste is still very important. One of the methods of reducing the negative impact of PVC waste on the natural environment is to use technological or post-consumer waste of this polymer to produce new composite materials with favorable utility properties, with the addition of natural fillers, among which agro-waste, including hop residue, is deserving of special attention. In this study, the effect of the addition of residual hops (H) on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) was investigated. PVC blends containing 10, 20 and 30 wt % of hop residue were mixed in an extruder, while the specimens were obtained by the injection molding method. It was observed that the addition of H increased their thermostability, as shown by a Congo red test. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis showed that the degradation rate of PVC/H composites in the first and second stages of decomposition was lower in comparison with unmodified PVC. In turn, composite density, impact strength and tensile strength decreased significantly with an increasing concentration of filler in the PVC matrix. At the same time, their Young’s modulus, flexural modulus and Rockwell hardness increased. Flame resistance tests showed that with an increasing residual hop content, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) decreased by 9.0; 11.8 and 13.6%, respectively, compared to unfilled PVC (LOI = 37.4%). In addition, the maximum heat release rate (pHRR) decreased with an increasing filler content by about 16, 24 and 31%, respectively. Overall, these composites were characterized by a good burning resistance and had a flammability rating of V0 according to the UL94 test.

Effect of poly (methyl methacrylate)-grafted-talc content on mechanical properties and thermal degradation of poly (vinyl chloride) composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azman Hassan ◽  
Noor Izyan Syazana Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Aznizam Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Radical Initiation ◽  
Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Free Radical Initiation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The influence of talc and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-grafted (g)-talc on the mechanical properties of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated. The graft copolymerization was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere, using the free radical initiation technique. The blend formulations were first dry blended using a mixer before being milled into sheets on a two-roll mill at 165°C, and then hot pressed into composites at 190°C. The flexural modulus of both composites increased with increasing filler content from 0 to 20 part per hundred resin (phr), however the increment of grafted (57.7%) was higher than ungrafted composites (48.5%). A similar trend has also been observed for thermal stability. The impact strength of grafted was increased by 45.82%, whereas 18.96% in reduction was observed for the ungrafted composites. The decrement of flexural strength by 16.6% and 21.1% of grafted and ungrafted, respectively, has also shown the improvement in mechanical properties of grafted composites.

Zinc Hydroxystannate-Coated Mineral Grade Mg(OH)2 as Flame-Retardant and Smoke Suppression for Flexible PVC

2013 ◽  
Vol 652-654 ◽  
pp. 481-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Zheng Wang ◽  
Wei Hong Wu ◽  
Xia Ye ◽  
Lei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Smoke Suppressant ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Zinc Hydroxystannate ◽  
The Stability

A zinc hydroxystannate-coated mineral grade Mg(OH)2 (ZHSCMH) was synthesized as flame retardant and smoke suppressant for flexible poly (vinyl chloride). The powder of ZHSCMH was characterized by the x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The flame retardancy, smoke suppression and thermal behavior of PVC treated with ZHSCMH and mineral grade Mg(OH)2 were comparative studied by means of limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density rating (SDR), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and SEM. The results show that, ZHSCMH can be used as a high effective flame retardant and smoke suppressant for PVC. The flame retardant of ZHSCMH can effectively promote the crosslinking reaction of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) in the first stage, and improve the stability of the char residue in the second stage.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch-Filled Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Composites

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abu Bakar ◽  
A. Hassan ◽  
A.F. Mohd Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride

Awareness of the advantages of natural fibres has stimulated interest in their use to reinforce polymers. One type of natural fibre that is of great relevance to Malaysia is oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). To produce EFB-filled unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites, PVC resin and the various additives were first dry-blended using a laboratory blender before being milled into sheets on a two-roll mill. Test specimens were then hot pressed, after which the mechanical and thermal properties were determined. Four untreated EFB fibre contents were employed, 10, 20, 30 and 40 phr. The increase in EFB fibre content resulted in an improvement in flexural modulus at the expense of impact strength and flexural strength. The incorporation of EFB slightly enhanced the glass transition temperature but it decreased the thermal stability of the composites, evidenced by a decrease in decomposition temperature and a change in the degradation process from two to three stages.

Abrasion Properties and Thermal Stabilities of Poly(vinyl chloride)/Diatomite Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 833 ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhan ◽  
Nan Chun Chen ◽  
Xiao Hu Zhang ◽  
Bin Huang ◽  
Zhi Neng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Properties Of Composites

Mechanical properties, abrasion properties, thermal stabilities, and dynamic mechanical properties of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/diatomite composites with different diatomite content prepared by melting blending were investigated. The results indicated that mechanical properties of composites have different performance due to diatomite participation, and the flexural modulus was improved. With an increase in diatomite, the abrasion resistance and thermal stability of composites were improved. Furthermore, the E' and Tg of composites could be enhanced effectively with diatomite participation. The optimum combined properties of PVC/diatomite composite were obtained with the adding of 40 phr diatomite.

Development, Manufacturing and Characterization of a New Composite Prepared from Cyperus corymbosus Rotth and Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

2017 ◽  
Vol 890 ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Duangkhae Bootkul ◽  
Thammanun Bootkul ◽  
Saweat Intarasiri
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Molding Method ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride

This research was focused on the study of the synthesis process, and the physical and mechanical properties, of the composite material prepared from Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and natural fiber extracted from reed, scientific namely Cyperus corymbosus Rotth, leading to the development of a new type of low cost material for the furniture function. Reed is chosen to be a source of natural fiber due to its ease of finding and ease of growth along water reservoir which can provide a cheap material for composite production. In the study, the samples were divided into four groups based on the addition of reed powder loading, ranged from a weight ratio of 0%, 20, 40 to 50%, respectively. The composite materials were pre-mixed, using white oil as coupling agent, by the single screw extruder, and the wood plastic was produced by compression molding method. The flat plate panels were tested by several standard techniques, including impact testing, bending testing and tensile testing. Morphology of the fracture surfaces and the dispersion of filler particles were observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The testing measurement revealed the decreasing of impact strength, tensile strength and flexural strength in all WPCs in comparison with pure PVC. This negative effect may be ascribed to the poor compatibility between the fibers and polymer matrix.

Highly efficient and antibacterial zinc norfloxacin thermal stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride)

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (100) ◽  
pp. 97491-97502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanqin Shi ◽  
Si Chen ◽  
Meng Ma ◽  
Bozhen Wu ◽  
Jie Ying ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Visible Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermal Stabilizer ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Congo Red Test

A novel, highly efficient, antibacterial multifunctional thermal stabilizer, zinc norfloxacin (ZnNo2) for PVC was prepared, and studied by Congo red test, discoloration, dehydrochlorination test, visible spectroscopy and inhibition zone test.

The Influence of Plasticizer Nature and of Processing Mode Upon the Characteristics of Flexible Poly(vinyl chloride) Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-851
Author(s):  
Alina Elena Coman ◽  
Augusta Raluca Gabor ◽  
Cristian Andi Nicolae ◽  
Valentin Raditoiu ◽  
Gheorghe Hubca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Processing Mode ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Reinforcing Agent

The topic of this paper refers to the influence of the plasticizer and the processing mode upon the characteristics of the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites. Thereby, in this study two types of industrial plasticizers were used to highlight their influence upon the properties of final composites. The employed lubricant was stearic acid, the most common and cheapest additive used in the industry for cables manufacturing. For economic reasons, calcium carbonate of 2 m size was used as reinforcing agent. Further on, two sets of samples were prepared, targeting the influence of the processing mode upon the properties of final composites. Beside the structure (by FT-infrared), thermal behavior (thermal analyses and differential scanning calorimetry) and mechanical properties (dynamic mechanical analyses, tensile strength and elongation at break) of PVC composites, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the overall morphology of the samples were also investigated.

Preparation of spherical cobalt hydroxystannate and its flame retardant and smoke suppressant effect in poly(vinyl chloride)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 462-482
Author(s):  
Fuya Liu ◽  
Zewei Wen ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
He Zhao ◽  
Weidong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride

Spherical cobalt hydroxystannate was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyzer–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that cobalt hydroxystannate spheres have an average particle size of 440 nm and disperse uniformly. The flame-retardant flexible poly(vinyl chloride) treated with cobalt hydroxystannate was studied by the limiting oxygen index, universal tensile testing machine, thermogravimetric analyzer–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and laser Raman spectra methods. Compared with the pure poly(vinyl chloride), the limiting oxygen index value of the poly(vinyl chloride) sample (PVC/10) treated with 10 phr of cobalt hydroxystannate is increased by 4% points, and its total heat release and total smoke production decreased by 18% and 50%, respectively. The result could be attributed to the water produced by the dehydration of cobalt hydroxystannate, and the interaction of cobalt hydroxystannate and the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix, which produces dense and highly graphitized char residue containing hexagonal phase graphite, CoCl2, Co2O3, and Co3O4.

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