scholarly journals Common Origin of Filler Network Related Contributions to Reinforcement and Dissipation in Rubber Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2534
Author(s):  
Sriharish Malebennur Nagaraja ◽  
Sven Henning ◽  
Sybill Ilisch ◽  
Mario Beiner
Keyword(s):  
Network Topology ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Matrix Composition ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Filler Network ◽  
General Perspective ◽  
Rubber Filler

A comparative study focusing on the visco–elastic properties of two series of carbon black filled composites with natural rubber (NR) and its blends with butadiene rubber (NR-BR) as matrices is reported. Strain sweeps at different temperatures are performed. Filler network-related contributions to reinforcement (ΔG′) are quantified by the classical Kraus equation while a modified Kraus equation is used to quantify different contributions to dissipation (ΔGD″, ΔGF″). Results indicate that the filler network is visco-elastic in nature and that it is causing a major part of the composite dissipation at small and intermediate strain amplitudes. The temperature dependence of filler network-related reinforcement and dissipation contributions is found to depend significantly on the rubber matrix composition. We propose that this is due to differences in the chemical composition of the glassy rubber bridges connecting filler particles since the filler network topology is seemingly not significantly influenced by the rubber matrix for a given filler content. The underlying physical picture explains effects in both dissipation and reinforcement. It predicts that these glassy rubber bridges will soften sequentially at temperatures much higher than the bulk Tg of the corresponding rubber. This is hypothetically due to rubber–filler interactions at interfaces resulting in an increased packing density in the glassy rubber related to the reduction of free volume. From a general perspective, this study provides deeper insights towards the molecular origin of reinforcement and dissipation in rubber composites.

scholarly journals Influence of Eco-Friendly Processing Aids on Silica-Based Rubber Composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7244
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Processing Aids

As eco-friendly “green tires” are being developed in the tire industry, conventionally used carbon black is being replaced with silica in rubber compounds. Generally, as a lubricant and dispersing agent, processing aids containing zinc ions have been employed as additives. However, as zinc is a heavy metal, alternative eco-friendly processing aids are required to satisfy worldwide environmental concerns. Furthermore, non-toxic, degradable, and renewable processing aids are required to improve the mechanical properties of the rubber composites. In this study, we evaluated the effects of diverse silica-based processing aids containing hydrocarbon, benzene, and hydroxyl functional groups on the mechanical properties of rubber composites. Among them, rubber composites that used amphiphilic terpene phenol resin (TPR) with hydrophilic silica showed compatibility with the hydrophobic rubber matrix and were revealed to improve the mechanical and fatigue properties. Furthermore, owing to the enhanced dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix, the TPR/styrene butadiene rubber composites exhibited enhanced wet grip and rolling resistance. These results indicated that TPR had multifunctional effects at low levels and has the potential for use as a processing aid in silica-based rubber composites in tire engineering applications.

REINFORCEMENT EFFECT OF IN SITU DEVELOPED ITACONIC ACID BASED METAL SALT NANO-CRYSTALS IN ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debdipta Basu ◽  
Bharat Kapgate ◽  
Naresh Bansod ◽  
Kasilingam Rajkumar ◽  
Suchismita Sahoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Itaconic Acid ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Ionic Crosslinking

ABSTRACT Itaconic acid has been employed as a special facilitator to construct divalent metal ion based ionic crosslinking framework in the acrylonitrile butadiene rubber matrix. Readily accessible double bonds in itaconic acid could directly react with the elastomer to form effective covalent bonds. On the other hand, presence of easily dissociable protons in itaconic acid enables them to form ionic bonds that leads to an increase in crosslinking density of the vulcanizates. The synergistic effect of covalent crosslinking induced by peroxide and ionic crosslinking induced by metal carboxylate could effectively enhance the overall mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the rubber composites. In this study, three metal oxides, that is, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, and calcium oxide, have been selected for this purpose. Tensile strength of nitrile rubber composites depends on the strength of ionic crosslinks, which in turn is influenced by the size of the alkaline earth metals, such as Mg, Ca, etc., and stoichiometric quantity of itaconic acid, which is at par in the formulation of this study. The novelty of this study is that the introduction of a dicarboxylic acid in combination with metal oxides enhances the crosslink density and tensile strength of nitrile rubber composites which could result from the metal organic framework.

Study on silica-based rubber composites with epoxidized natural rubber and solution styrene butadiene rubber

2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112097139
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Polar Functional Groups ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Carbon black has been replaced with silica as a reinforcing filler in tire tread compounds. This change has led to lower rolling resistance and improved hysteretic losses of so-called “green tires.” However, the dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix is an important issue due to the poor compatibility of hydrophilic silica with a hydrophobic rubber matrix. Recently, some rubbers with polar functional groups that can interact with silica have been studied to improve the interaction in silica-filled rubber composites. In this work, we fabricated the silica-filled rubber composites with solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and evaluated their properties in a silica-containing rubber formulation compared to conventional SBR and NR. The silica-embedded polar rubber matrix exhibits remarkable enhancement in the modulus, tensile strength, and abrasion properties due to an efficient dispersion of the silica and improvement of interfacial interactions with the rubber matrix. The polar rubber composite exhibits an enhanced dry and wet braking and improved rolling resistance due to the improved dispersion of the silica in the rubber matrix. These results show that rubber composites prepared with polar rubbers have great potential for tire engineering applications.

scholarly journals Investigation of Epoxidized Palm Oils as Green Processing Aids and Activators in Rubber Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
DongJu Lee ◽  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Green Processing ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Heat Buildup

Epoxidized palm oil (EPO) is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and a relatively less costly processing aid. In this study, we investigated the suitability of EPO in place of aromatic processing oils in styrene butadiene rubber. The curing properties, mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, and heat buildup properties of rubber composites with EPO were compared with those of the standard with aromatic oils. The rubber composites with EPO showed enhanced mechanical properties including modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break. This is ascribed to the improved dispersion of fillers in the rubber matrix and interaction between the filler and the polymer. Furthermore, EPO in the rubber matrix showed remarkable abrasion resistance, rebound resilience, and heat buildup at low loadings. EPO in a rubber composite presents feasibility as a renewable raw material that can serve as an alternative to petrochemical oils in various applications.

Characterization of eco-friendly processing aids for styrene butadiene rubber composites with silica

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (23) ◽  
pp. 3405-3413
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Tire Industry ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Processing Aids

With the development of environmentally friendly “green tires” in the tire industry, silica has been used as a reinforcing filler material in tread compounds. With regard to this rubber compounding process, non-toxic, and renewable processing aids are required. We fabricated such processing aids with multi-alcohol components of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups (M-A-S) to make the hydrophilic silica compatible with the hydrophobic rubber matrix. The rubber composites with M-A-S showed remarkable enhancements in the mechanical properties, specifically the tensile strength, elongation and fatigue properties due to the improved dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix. They also exhibited outstanding heat build-up, good rebound resilience, and abrasion levels at low loadings. Furthermore, M-A-S were added directly to tread compounds to make a pneumatic tire with enhanced high-speed durability and enhanced dry and wet braking due to the strong interfacial interaction between the silica and the rubber matrix. These results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed potential replacement for metal-ion processing aids for tire engineering.

TIME AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT PIEZORESISTIVE BEHAVIOR OF CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eshwaran Subramani Bhagavatheswaran ◽  
Klaus Werner Stöckelhuber ◽  
Sankar Raman Vaikuntam ◽  
Sven Wießner ◽  
Petra Pötschke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Conductive Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

ABSTRACT We report about systematic studies on dynamic piezoresistive characteristics of conductive rubber composites. The temporal changes in electrical resistance of flexible electrically conductive rubber composites were simultaneously monitored during dynamic mechanical loading. Thus, influences of physical parameters such as frequency, temperature, strain amplitude, and matrix stiffness were explored in detail, and the mechanisms behind qualitatively discussed. The filler clusters were found to rearrange in the elastomer matrix during dynamic deformation, witnessed by the decrease in electrical resistance over time. Each test parameter had its own specific effect on the piezoresistance response, and the findings offered an understanding on the filler networking inside the solution styrene butadiene rubber matrix from the perspective of the dynamic piezoresistive characteristics. Higher piezoresistive response was observed near the glass transition temperature. We offer a deeper insight into the behavior and temporal changes in corresponding filler clusters during dynamic deformations of conducting rubber systems.

Utility of copper (lignin/silica/fatty acids) complex derived from rice straw as antioxidant/hardening and fluid resistant agent in nitrile-butadiene rubber composites (PART IV)

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoda Sabry Othman ◽  
Salwa H. El-Sabbagh ◽  
Galal A. Nawwar
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Fluid Resistance

Purpose In continuation to the previous work on copper (lignin/silica/fatty acids) (Cu-LSF) complex as a natural antioxidant/electrical conductivity agent for nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), this study aims to perform further investigations for NBR vulcanizates loaded with different concentrations of Cu-LSF complex, including swelling behavior and hardness properties, as well as evaluating their thermal stability via thermogravimetric analysis. Design/methodology/approach The behavior of Cu-LSF complex in NBR matrix was compared with that of the standard commercial antioxidants (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline/N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine [TMQ/IPPD]). Findings Results revealed that Cu-LSF complex can act as an effective reinforcing and hardening agent, with exhibiting fluid resistance, even when compared with the commercial antioxidants. In comparison with the previous studies on its Zn and Ca analogues and their behavior in different rubber matrixes, Cu-LSF complex showed higher values of hardness and less susceptibility for swelling, respectively. Moreover, Cu-LSF antioxidant activity becomes in accordance with the previous work. Originality/value The new Cu-LSF complex could be used as a green alternative to the commercial antioxidants (TMQ/IPPD) with introducing further advantages to the rubber matrix, such as hardening, fluid resistance and thermal stability.

scholarly journals Novel Hybrid Biomass Anti-Aging Filler for Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Composites with Antioxidative and Reinforcing Properties

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4045
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Guo ◽  
Yuanfang Luo ◽  
Yongjun Chen ◽  
Lijuan Chen ◽  
Demin Jia
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Phenolic Hydroxyl ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Uv Aging ◽  
Thermal Oxidative Stability ◽  
Aging Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Antioxidants are normally utilized to extend the service life of polymers due to the strong reducibility of the phenolic hydroxyl group of the hindered phenol structure. Inspired by this characteristic, we have introduced green tea polyphenol (TP) supported on a silica surface containing considerable phenolic hydroxyl groups to obtain a novel biomass anti-aging filler (BAF, denoted as silica-s-TP) to reinforce and improve the anti-aging property of rubber composites. The applying of silica-s-TP to enhance the thermal-oxidative stability and ultraviolet light (UV) aging resistance of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was evaluated. The hybrid biomass anti-aging filler could not only uniformly disperse in the rubber matrix, giving rise to the excellent mechanical properties, but also enhance the properties of thermal-oxidative stability and UV aging resistance with the increasing silica-s-TP content of SBR distinctly. This study provides a mild and environmentally friendly strategy to prepare the functional biomass filler, which could be applied as not only a reinforcement filler but also an anti-aging additive in “green rubber”.

CORRELATION OF FILLER NETWORKING WITH REINFORCEMENT AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SSBR/CARBON BLACK/SILICA COMPOSITES

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 676-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wengjiang Feng ◽  
Zhenghai Tang ◽  
Peijin Weng ◽  
Baochun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Filler Network ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

ABSTRACT The use of silica to partially replace carbon black is a common practice in the fabrication of “green tires.” Although some degree of consensus has been approached concerning the improved performance conferred by silica substitution, such as the improved dispersion of carbon black, a quantitative understanding of the relationship between filler networking and the performance of rubber composites has not been established. Thus, an investigation focusing on filler network structure and the correlation between the network structure and the reinforcement of rubber composites was conducted. We prepared solution-polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (SSBR) reinforced by carbon black and carbon black/silica in different ratios. To exclude as much of the effect from changed crosslinking, and figure out how filler blending influences filler dispersion and filler network structure, the silane generally used in the tire industry was not adopted. The quantitative predictor, the mass fractal dimension df, was derived from the Kraus model and the Huber–Vilgis model. We found that when the amount of substituted silica increases, the filler cluster branching decreases, accompanied by increased reinforcement efficiency. The depressed filler networking induced by silica substitution at an appropriate proportion leads to improved dynamic properties, including lower rolling resistance and better wet skid. When the silica proportion in the filler is too high, severe filler networking is observed, resulting in decreased reinforcing efficiency and impaired dynamic properties.

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