scholarly journals Properties of Low-Cost WPCs Made from Alien Invasive Trees and rLDPE for Interior Use in Social Housing

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2436
Author(s):  
Abubakar Sadiq Mohammed ◽  
Martina Meincken
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Invasive Trees ◽  
Recycled Low Density Polyethylene

Low-cost wood–plastic composites (WPCs) were developed from invasive trees and recycled low-density polyethylene. The aim was to produce affordable building materials for low-cost social housing in South Africa. Both raw materials are regarded as waste materials, and the subsequent product development adds value to the resources, while simultaneously reducing the waste stream. The production costs were minimised by utilising the entire biomass of Acacia saligna salvaged from clearing operations without any prior processing, and low-grade recycled low-density polyethylene to make WPCs without any additives. Different biomass/plastic ratios, particle sizes, and press settings were evaluated to determine the optimum processing parameters to obtain WPCs with adequate properties. The water absorption, dimensional stability, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and tensile moduli were improved at longer press times and higher temperatures for all blending ratios. This has been attributed to the crystallisation of the lignocellulose and thermally induced cross-linking in the polyethylene. An increased biomass ratio and particle size were positively correlated with water absorption and thickness swelling and inversely related with MOR, tensile strength, and density due to an incomplete encapsulation of the biomass by the plastic matrix. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilising low-grade recycled polyethylene and the whole-tree biomass of A. saligna, without the need for pre-processing and the addition of expensive modifiers, to produce WPCs with properties that satisfy the minimum requirements for interior cladding or ceiling material.

scholarly journals Manufacturing of Bathroom Wall Tile Composites from Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene Reinforced with Pineapple Leaf Fiber

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negasi Gebremedhin ◽  
Gideon K. Rotich
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wall Tile ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Weight Proportion ◽  
Recycled Low Density Polyethylene

Plastic has been a dominant material for packaging in recent years but due to its nonbiodegradability, it is causing environmental pollution. Among the plastics used, low-density polyethylene is used abundantly. These plastics can be removed from the environment by recycling into useful products through reinforcing it with natural textile fibers into composite materials. Natural fiber-based composites are ecofriendly and low cost. This research is aimed at manufacturing composite wall tiles from recycled low-density polyethylene reinforced with pineapple leaf fibers (PALF). The PALF was extracted by the retting process followed by mechanical scratching and treated with 5% NaOH to improve the fiber-matrix interaction. The composites were manufactured by the melt-mixing method followed by compression molding. The effects of fiber length and fiber weight proportion on composite properties were investigated using tensile, flexural, impact, and water absorption tests. The study showed that the optimum fiber weight proportion and fiber length for the optimal properties of the composite were achieved at 30% fiber weight proportion and 30 mm fiber length. The maximum tensile strength of 1562 N/mm2, flexural strength of 454.9 N/mm2, and impact strength of 225.2 J/mm2 were obtained. Water absorption of the tiles increased with the increase in both the fiber weight proportion and the fiber length.

Effect of fillers on mechanical properties of recycled low density polyethylene composites under weathered condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Ibiyemi A. Idowu ◽  
Olutosin O. Ilori
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Hardness Property ◽  
Recycled Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Polyethylene Composites

The study examined the effect of fillers on the mechanical properties of the recycled low density polyethylene composites under weathered condition with a view of managing the generation and disposal of plastic wastes. Discarded pure water sachets and fillers (glass and talc) were sourced and recycled. Recycled low density polyethylene (RLDPE) and preparation of RLDPE/glass, RLDPE/talc and RLDPE/glass/talc composites were carried out using a furnace at compositions of 0 – 40% in steps of 10% by weight. The mixtures were poured into hand-laid mould. The samples produced were exposed to sunlight for eight (8) weeks and their mechanical properties were studied. The results of mechanical tests revealed that tensile strength decreased with increasing filler loading while impact strength and hardness property increased marginally and considerably with increasing filler loading for all the composites respectively. The study concluded that glass and talc were able to reinforce recycled low density polyethylene under weathered condition. Keywords: Recycled Low Density Polyethylene (RLDPE); Fillers; Glass, Talc; Weathering condition; Sunlight; and Mechanical properties; Tensile strength, Impact and hardness

Investigation of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 50) as a Compatibilizer on Cogon Grass Filled Low Density Polyethylene/Soya Spent Flour

2014 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.T. Sam ◽  
Nurul Hani ◽  
H. Ismail ◽  
Nik Noriman ◽  
S. Ragunathan
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density

Natural fiber reinforced composites are increasingly being used in various applications area. Therefore, the processing method and physical properties of these composites are very important parameters in product quality and quaranty. This paper focused on the tensile properties, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and water absorption of cogon grass (CG) with low density polyethylene (LDPE)/soya spent flour (SSF) composites. The tensile strength and elongation at break (Eb) of uncompatibilized CG with LDPE/ SSF decreased significantly with increasing of fiber content. However, the Young’s modulus increased with increasing of CG loading. The presence of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 50) as a compatibilizer increased the tensile strength, Eband Young’s modulus of the composites when compared to uncompatibilized composites. Fourier transform infrared results show distinguishable peaks for compatibilized and uncompatibilized composites. The water absorption for both uncompatibilized and compatibilized composites increased from day 1 until day 21. The presence of ENR 50 as compatibilizer showed lower water absorption percentage compared to uncompatibilized composites.

scholarly journals Effect of filler carbonization on agro-waste based ceiling board

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 168781402199440
Author(s):  
Obiora Nnaemeka Ezenwa ◽  
Echezona Nnaemeka Obika ◽  
Onyemazuwa Andrew Azaka ◽  
Emmanuel Chinagorom Nwadike
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Compaction Pressure ◽  
Thickness Swell ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Recycled Low Density Polyethylene

This work presents the use as a filler of carbonized breadfruit seed coat and recycled low density polyethylene as the binder in ceiling board manufacturing. The depulped bread fruit seed was carbonized for 2 h at a temperature of 500°C. The experimental design was set up using the Design Expert software. A total of 30 experimental tests were developed for four parameters and three responses. The parameters are carbonized bread fruit seed coat/recycled Low Density Polyethylene mass ratio (filler-binder mass ratio), compaction time, compaction temperature and compaction pressure while the responses are thermal conductivity, thickness swell and water absorption. The models developed have been validated using the Study of Variance (ANOVA). Using the 3D surface map, the influence of the parameters on the responses was studied. The optimization method of the Design Expert program was used to evaluate the optimal level of the parameters that will produce the best possible result from their combination. The result gave optimal values of 16.206% filler/rLDPE, 9.406minutes compaction time, 200°C compaction temperature and 11 MPa compaction pressure, which gave 0.246% Water Absorption, 1.998% Thickness Swell and 2.898 W/M.K Thermal Conductivity.

Properties of kapok husk-filled linear low-density polyethylene ecocomposites

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1641-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koay Seong Chun ◽  
Salmah Husseinsyah ◽  
Nurul Fatin Syazwani
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Linear Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Ester Linkage ◽  
Natural Filler

This research focuses on utilization of kapok husk (KH) as a natural filler in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) ecocomposites. The effect of KH content and coupling agent on tensile properties, thermal properties, water absorption behavior, and morphology of ecocomposites were studied. The addition of KH had increased tensile modulus and water absorption of ecocomposites, whereas tensile strength and elongation at break decreased. However, the polyethylene-grafted acrylic acid (PEAA) was used as a polymeric-coupling agent to enhance the properties of LLDPE/KH ecocomposites. The incorporation of PEAA improved the tensile strength, tensile modulus, crystallinity, and thermal stability as well as reduced the water absorption of LLDPE/KH ecocomposites. The improvement of those properties was caused by the enhanced interfacial bonding, which was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. The Fourier transmission infrared spectra also confirmed the presence of ester linkage between PEAA and KH.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF NaOH MODIFICATION ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAOBAB POD FIBER REINFORCED LDPE COMPOSITES

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
U Shehu ◽  
MT Isa ◽  
BO Aderemi ◽  
TK Bello
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Elongation At Break

In order to improve properties of natural fibers as reinforcement, different treatment methods have being adopted by researchers. However, the use of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for the treatment of baobab pod fiber as reinforcement in low density polyethylene is sparsely reported. Therefore, this study, investigated the effect of 2 wt%, 4 wt% 6 wt%, 8 wt% and 10 wt%  concentration of NaOH on baobab pod fibers as reinforcement for low density polyethylene (LDPE). Two roll mill machine and hydraulic press at a pressure of 10 kN and temperature of 120oC aided the production of the composite. FT-IR was used to analyze the functional groups of the treated and un-treated fibers. The result showed the disappearance of the peak 1550 cm-1 corresponding to lignin after modification. Further, the composites were characterized for the following tensile strength (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), elongation at break, impact strength and water absorption. Preliminary studies on the effect of loading of the unmodified baobab fiber in the LDPE matrix showed desirable properties at 10 wt%, where fiber content was in the range of 5 wt% to 30 wt% at interval of 5 wt%. The composite produced from the 8 wt% NaOH modified fiber had the highest tensile strength, MOE, elongation at break. At this modification level, the tensile strength, MOE and elongation at break were about 75.48%, 92.18% and 28% respectively higher than the composite produced from unmodified fiber. Composite produced with 10 wt% NaOH modified fiber exhibited least water absorption of 1.80%, which was 50% lower than unmodified. These showed that the modification of the fiber improved the composite properties. These properties compared favorably with some reported properties for natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.12

scholarly journals Improvement of Tensile Properties of Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene by Incorporation of Calcium Carbonate Particles

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raed Ma’ali ◽  
Shadi Sawalha ◽  
Omar Surkhi ◽  
Amani Hamarsheh ◽  
Sabreen Yacoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Filler Particles ◽  
Recycled Low Density Polyethylene

Plastics are used in versatile applications including automobile, packaging, piping and house goods, these huge uses attribute in the consumption of the oil reserves and the emerged waste harm the environment when it disposed irregularly. Recycling of plastics is one of the realistic solutions to the aforementioned problems and to reduce production cost. However, the reduction in mechanical properties of recycled plastics limit their use and thus reinforced plastics become popular because of their high mechanical, physical and thermal properties. The effects of calcium carbonate content from 0 to 15 wt.% on the tensile properties of recycled low-density polyethylene (RLDPE) were tested, the addition of calcium carbonate particles up to 15 wt.% was found to enhance the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of RLDPE samples. Three calcium carbonate particle sizes (80, 200 and 500 µm) were mixed with RLDPE to investigate the effect of particles size on the tensile properties of RLDPE, it was found that the addition of small filler particles resulted in a noticeable improvement of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of RLDPE compared with large filler particles. It was also observed that the addition of stearic acid slightly improves tensile properties of RLDPE which may be related to improvement of the interfacial adhesion between the filler and RLDPE. The crystallization temperature and the degree of crystallinity of RLDPE were increased by the addition of 7.5 wt.% calcium carbonate particles because they act as nucleating agents.

Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Polylactic Acid/Recycled Low Density Polyethylene/Nypa fruticans Biocomposites Compatibilized with Polyetylene-co-Acrylic Acid

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Syahmie Rasidi ◽  
H. Salmah ◽  
Pei Leng Teh ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Recycled Low Density Polyethylene

The main purpose of incorporating Nypa Fruticans (NF) into Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Recycled Low Density Polyethylene (rLDPE) biocomposites is to decrease costs and change the properties. Polyethylene–co–acrylic acid (PEAA) was used as a compatibilizer. The effect of NF content and PEAA on the mechanical properties and morphology of the biocomposites were investigated. Results show that the effect of NF content increased Young’s modulus but decreased the tensile strength and elngation at break of PLA/rLDPE/NF biocomposites. It was found that incorporation of compatibilizer (PEAA) increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus but decreased the elongation at break of compatibilized biocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of the tensile fracture surface of the biocomposites indicated that the presence of PEAA improved the interfacial interaction between Nypa Fruticans and LDPE matrix.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE WASTE FILLED WITH PALM KERNEL SHELL

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
F. Inegbedion ◽  
L. C. Igbonazobi ◽  
A. O. Imasuen ◽  
C. O. Inetianbor
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

All over the world, polyethylene wastes has been found littered on the streets of most communities and states. Palm kernel shell (agricultural waste) constitutes dirt and environmental pollution. The aim of this research was to study the potentials of palm kernel shell (PKS) filler as reinforcement for low density polyethylene (LDPE) waste. LDPE-Palm kernel shell composites of varying ratio (100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50) of LDPE to PKS respectively were produced using the compression moulding technique. Mechanical properties such as water absorption, hardness, young’s modulus and tensile strength of the composites were found to increase with increasing PKS loading. The results showed that composites containing 40% of PKS gave the highest tensile strength corresponding to 18.42MPa. The results also indicated that the composites with 50% filler loading gave the highest hardness of 84.25A and water absorption rate which stood at 3.1%. The elongation at break was found to decrease with increasing filler content. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) obtained revealed that the composites with 20% and 50% palm kernel shell had voids and surface cracks.

Sustainable valorization of recycled low-density polyethylene and cocoa biomass for composite production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cecíllia Ramos de Araújo Veloso ◽  
Mário Vanoli Scatolino ◽  
Maria Margarida Boavida Pontes Gonçalves ◽  
Mara Lúcia Agostini Valle ◽  
Thiago de Paula Protásio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Composite Production ◽  
Recycled Low Density Polyethylene
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