scholarly journals The Proposal and Necessity of the Numerical Description of Nano- and Microplastics’ Surfaces (Plastisphere)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2255
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Dąbrowska ◽  
Marianna Gniadek ◽  
Piotr Machowski
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Chemical Description

The constantly growing amount of synthetic materials < 5 mm, called microplastics (MPs), is fragmented in the environment. Thus, their surface, Plastisphere, is substantially increasing forming an entirely new ecological niche. It has already been extensively studied by microbiologists observing the biofilm and by material scientists interested in the weathering of polymer materials. This paper aims to construct a bridge between the physical and chemical description of the Plastisphere and its microbiological and ecological significance. Various algorithms, based on the analysis of pictures obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are proposed to describe in detail the morphology of naturally weathered polymers. In particular, one can study the size and distribution of fibres in a standard filter, search the synthetic debris for mapping, estimate the grain size distribution, quantitatively characterize the different patterns of degradation for polymer spheres and ghost nets, or calculate the number of pores per surface. The description and visualization of a texture, as well as the classification of different morphologies present on a surface, are indispensable for the comprehensive characterization of weathered polymers found inside animals (e.g., fishes). All these approaches are presented as case studies and discussed within this work.

Combined AFM/Raman Studies of Heterogeneous Polymer Materials

MRS Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (25) ◽  
pp. 1859-1864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Surtchev ◽  
Mark Wall ◽  
Sergei Magonov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Heterogeneous Systems ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Raman Mapping ◽  
Immiscible Polymer Blends ◽  
Immiscible Polymer ◽  
Heterogeneous Polymer ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization

ABSTRACTCompositional imaging of several immiscible polymer blends was examined with the combination of AFM-based mechanical and electric modes with chemically-specific Raman mapping. Results showed that these methods substantially complement each other in comprehensive characterization of surface morphology by helping to identify a composition of top surface and sub-surface materials in polymer heterogeneous systems.

scholarly journals Evaluating polymeric biomaterial–environment interfaces by Langmuir monolayer techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (130) ◽  
pp. 20161028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Christin Schöne ◽  
Toralf Roch ◽  
Burkhard Schulz ◽  
Andreas Lendlein
Keyword(s):  
Langmuir Monolayer ◽  
Degradation Behaviour ◽  
Polymeric Biomaterials ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Polymeric Biomaterial ◽  
Biological Environment ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization

Polymeric biomaterials are of specific relevance in medical and pharmaceutical applications due to their wide range of tailorable properties and functionalities. The knowledge about interactions of biomaterials with their biological environment is of crucial importance for developing highly sophisticated medical devices. To achieve optimal in vivo performance, a description at the molecular level is required to gain better understanding about the surface of synthetic materials for tailoring their properties. This is still challenging and requires the comprehensive characterization of morphological structures, polymer chain arrangements and degradation behaviour. The review discusses selected aspects for evaluating polymeric biomaterial–environment interfaces by Langmuir monolayer methods as powerful techniques for studying interfacial properties, such as morphological and degradation processes. The combination of spectroscopic, microscopic and scattering methods with the Langmuir techniques adapted to polymers can substantially improve the understanding of their in vivo behaviour.

scholarly journals Characterization of the MISG soot generator with an atmospheric simulation chamber

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Vernocchi ◽  
Marco Brunoldi ◽  
Silvia Giulia Danelli ◽  
Franco Parodi ◽  
Paolo Prati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Optical Behaviour ◽  
Specific Difference ◽  
Propane Combustion ◽  
Soot Particles ◽  
Quartz Fibre ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization

Abstract. The performance of a Mini-Inverted Soot Generator (MISG) has been investigated at ChAMBRe (Chamber for Aerosol Modelling and Bio-aerosol Research) by studying the properties of soot particles generated by ethylene and propane combustion. Starting from an extensive classification of combustion conditions and resulting flame shapes, the MISG exhaust was characterized in terms of concentration of emitted particles and gases, particle size distribution and optical properties. Soot particles were also collected on quartz fibre filters and then analysed by optical and thermal-optical techniques, to measure the spectral dependence of the absorption coefficient b_abs, and their composition in terms of Elemental and Organic Carbon (EC and OC). Significant differences could be observed when the MISG is fuelled with ethylene and propane both in terms of particle size and optical behaviour (i.e., absorption coefficient). Values of the Mass Absorption Coefficient (MAC) and of the Angstrom Absorption Exponent (AAE) turned out to be compatible with the literature, even if with some specific difference. The comprehensive characterization of the MISG soot particles is an important piece of information to design and perform experiments in atmospheric simulation chambers.

scholarly journals RECENT ADVANCES IN HYDROGELS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Surojeet Das ◽  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Rini Tiwari ◽  
Leena Singh ◽  
Sachidanand Singh
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Synthetic And Natural Polymers

Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric network, capable of entrapping substantial amounts of fluids. Hydrogels are formed due to physical or chemical cross-linking in different synthetic and natural polymers. Recently, hydrogels have been receiving much attention for biomedical applications due to their innate structure and compositional similarities to the extracellular matrix. Hydrogels fabricated from naturally derived materials provide an advantage for biomedical applications due to their innate cellular interactions and cellular-mediated biodegradation. Synthetic materials have the advantage of greater tunability when it comes to the properties of hydrogels. There has been considerable progress in recent years in addressing the clinical and pharmacological limitations of hydrogels for biomedical applications. The primary objective of this article is to review the classification of hydrogels based on their physical and chemical characteristics. It also reviews the technologies adopted for hydrogel fabrication and the different applications of hydrogels in the modern era.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Lenonchium zanjanense sp. n. (Dorylaimida, Nordiidae) from Iran, with new insights into the phylogeny of the genus and a revision of its taxonomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Asgari ◽  
A. Eskandari ◽  
H.M. Karani ◽  
J. Abolafia ◽  
R. Peña-Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Genital System ◽  
Female Genital System ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Characterization ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract The new species Lenonchium zanjanense sp. n. is described from a natural habitat of Zanjan province, Iran, including line, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy illustrations and a molecular (18S, 28S) study. It is characterized by its 3.50–4.51 mm long body, rounded lip region, continuous and 13.5–15.5 µm broad, odontostyle 21–24 µm long, neck 362–490 µm long, double guiding ring, pharyngeal expansion 190–285 µm long, female genital system didelphic–amphidelphic, uterus simple and 185–320 µm long or 3.4–5.9 times the corresponding body diameter, vulva nearly equatorial (V = 45–53), tail conical-elongated to filiform (90–165 µm, c = 23–43, c′ = 2.4–5.3) with three or four mucro-like projections at the tip, spicules 58–64 µm long and 16–21 contiguous ventromedian supplements ending at the level of the anterior end of the spicules. The taxonomy of the genus is updated, with an emended diagnosis, list of species, key to their identification and a compendium of their main morphometrics. Lenonchium asterocaudatum is regarded as identical and a junior synonym of L. denticaudatum. New insights into the phylogeny of the group are also provided, and the classification of Lenonchium within Nordiidae is seriously questioned.

Provenance Characterization of Archaeological Ceramics by Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 1638-1642
Author(s):  
Ana J. López ◽  
Alberto Ramil ◽  
Gines Nicolas ◽  
Mari Paz Mateo ◽  
Victor Piñon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Plasma Spectroscopy ◽  
Archaeological Ceramics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Laser Induced Plasma ◽  
Characteristic Emission ◽  
Scanning Electron

Archaeological ceramics Terra Sigillata manufactured in different production centres have been studied by “laser induced plasma spectroscopy” (LIPS). The aim of this work is to demonstrate the capability of LIPS for the classification of pottery shreds in function of their provenance. Characteristic emission spectra of different pottery groups were obtained and simple linear correlation methods were used for grouping samples. In addition, complementary scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) analysis were performed to obtain morphological features and to confirm chemical results

scholarly journals Pore classification in the characterization of porous materials: A perspective

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borislav Zdravkov ◽  
Jiří Čermák ◽  
Martin Šefara ◽  
Josef Janků
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Porous Materials ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Porous Solids ◽  
General Description ◽  
Pore Characteristics ◽  
Global Classification ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization

AbstractClassification of pores is one of the basic requisites of comprehensive characterization of porous solids. There are various categorizations of pores described in the literature, but it is difficult to give a consistent global classification of porous substances including catalysts, adsorbents, oxides, carbons, zeolites, organic polymers, soils etc. The purpose of each of these classifications is to organize pores in classes by grouping them on the basis of their common characteristics like structure, size, accessibility, shape etc. In this study, a summary of the most used classifications of porous materials is done. Some common properties or behavior for individual classifications could be found, but many differences mainly in pore size are still subject of intensive discussions. Therefore, it is the purpose of this review to provide a general description of the concept and classification of pores in porous solids, to deal with complexity of the matter and to organise our knowledge in decision-making proccesses of pore characteristics determination.

scholarly journals Characterization of Powder Obtained from Surface of Waste-Plastic Bricks

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-468
Author(s):  
Rutticka Kedare
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron

The basic aim of this work is to perform characterization of the powder obtained from surface of waste plastic brick which in turn provides a base to study the physical and chemical composition of bricks made from waste plastic bags and sand (Plastic bricks). The powder used for characterization was obtained from the surface of waste plastic bricks by scratching the surface of bricks with knife-like stainless-steel instruments. Before characterization, this powder was strained through a double layer strainer (mesh number 325, pore size 44 microns) to obtain fine powder particles. This fine powder was further characterised for determining the particle size, crystallinity percentage, elemental composition and to find functional groups present. The techniques used in characterization of powder includes X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (FESEM/EDS). The results obtained from XRD data analysis showed the particle size to be 9.595 nanometres with a crystallinity percentage of 2.113275 percent. EDS and FTIR results when studied simultaneously showed presence of clay minerals like MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, etc.

Diatom foulings of synthetic polymer materials in Karantinnay Bay (Crimea, the Black Sea)

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa I. Ryabushko ◽  
Philipp V. Sapozhnikov ◽  
Anna V. Bondarenko ◽  
Olga Yu. Kalinina
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Quantitative Distribution ◽  
Technogenic Waste ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Scanning Electron

The results of study of diatom fouling of anthropogenic synthetic polymer materials, which have been studied rather poorly, are presented. These substrates are a part of the technogenic waste currently generated in large quantities in the coastal seas. As part of the fouling of opaque matte experimental substrates, including of engineering materials with given surface roughness, 73 diatom taxa were noted, which form communities associated with a particular type of substrate, and are characterized by a certain structure and quantitative distribution of species. But 67 taxa of benthic diatoms on transparent smooth surfaces of substrates, forming communities similar in qualitative composition were also found in all samples. A total of 120 taxa were found, including 11 common species. In the study of diatom frustules by scanning electron microscope, we have shown that algae settling the substrate integrate into its structure. They participate in the formation of new properties of synthetic materials, which can be further recommended to use them in different areas of the national economy (medicine, technology, etc.)

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