scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Alpha and Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Trunk Mesh

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1893
Author(s):  
Hamid M. Shaikh ◽  
Arfat Anis ◽  
Anesh Manjaly Poulose ◽  
Saeed M. Al-Zahrani ◽  
Niyaz Ahamad Madhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

Highly pure cellulosic polymers obtained from waste lignocellulose offer great potential for designing novel materials in the concept of biorefinery. In this work, alpha-cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose were isolated from the date palm trunk mesh (DPTM) through a series of physicochemical treatments. Supercritical carbon dioxide treatment was used to remove soluble extractives, and concentrated alkali pretreatment was used to eliminate the lignin portion selectively to obtain alpha-cellulose in approximately 94% yield. Further treatments of this cellulose yielded nanocrystalline cellulose. The structure–property relationship studies were carried out by characterizing the obtained polymers by various standard methods and analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX-XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Almost 65% yield of pure cellulose was achieved, out of which 94% is the alpha-cellulose. This cellulose shows good thermal stability and crystallinity. The microscopic analysis of the nanocellulose showed a heterogeneous mix of irregular-shaped particles with a size range of 20–60 nm. The percentage crystallinity of alpha-cellulose and nanocellulose was found to be 68.9 and 71.8, respectively. Thus, this study shows that, this DPTM-based low-cost waste biomass can be a potential source to obtain cellulose and nano-cellulose.

scholarly journals Recycling Waste Cotton Cloths for the Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Sustainable Approach

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Siti Hajar Mohamed ◽  
Md. Sohrab Hossain ◽  
Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim ◽  
Mardiana Idayu Ahmad ◽  
Fatehah Mohd Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Alkaline Pulping ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose

There is an interest in the sustainable utilization of waste cotton cloths because of their enormous volume of generation and high cellulose content. Waste cotton cloths generated are disposed of in a landfill, which causes environmental pollution and leads to the waste of useful resources. In the present study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from waste cotton cloths collected from a landfill. The waste cotton cloths collected from the landfill were sterilized and cleaned using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technology. The cellulose was extracted from scCO2-treated waste cotton cloths using alkaline pulping and bleaching processes. Subsequently, the CNCs were isolated using the H2SO4 hydrolysis of cellulose. The isolated CNCs were analyzed to determine the morphological, chemical, thermal, and physical properties with various analytical methods, including attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the isolated CNCs had a needle-like structure with a length and diameter of 10–30 and 2–6 nm, respectively, and an aspect ratio of 5–15, respectively. Additionally, the isolated CNCs had a high crystallinity index with a good thermal stability. The findings of the present study revealed the potential of recycling waste cotton cloths to produce a value-added product.

scholarly journals Extraction of Microfibrillar Cellulose From Waste Paper by NaOH/Urethane Aqueous System and Its Utility in Removal of Lead from Contaminated Water

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2850
Author(s):  
Vadahanambi Sridhar ◽  
Hyun Park
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Aqueous System ◽  
Microfibrillated Cellulose ◽  
Waste Paper ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cellulose Fibrils ◽  
Microfibrillar Cellulose

Though recycling of waste paper is widely practiced but usually it is downgraded to lower valued recycled waste paper. Based on this concern, we report the development of novel NaOH/urethane aqueous system for extraction of microfibrillated cellulose from waste paper. The purity of so obtained microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was evaluated by morphological tests using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by evaluation of physicochemical properties using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Morphologies of MFC studied by SEM and TEM showed that the size of purified cellulose fibrils reduced when compared to that of waste paper but fibrils are cleaner and smoother due to the removal of talc and lignin. XRD analysis revealed that MFC exhibits good crystallinity. The utility of sulfonated and pristine microfibrillar cellulose in removal of lead from contaminated water is also reported. Our results show that renewable, sustainable, cheap, and waste biomass like waste paper can be used for producing valuable second-generation high-value products.

Structure-property relationships in polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-octene)/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites prepared via a novel eccentric rotor extruder

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Meng ◽  
Jin-ping Qu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Eccentric Rotor ◽  
Elongation Flow ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Abstract In this work, polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-octene)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PP/POE/MWCNT) nanocomposites with different contents of MWCNTs were prepared by an eccentric rotor extruder to obtain engineering materials with excellent performance capability. Microphotographs (scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) and dynamic mechanical analysis indicate that the MWCNTs were well dispersed in the polymer matrix under the elongation flow. The crystallization behavior was explored by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that MWCNTs promote heterogeneous nucleation and improve the To, Tc and Te values of the composites. On the basis of the rheology analysis, the complex viscosity of the PP/POE/MWCNT composites increased and formed an obvious Newton plat in the low-frequency range; both the G′ and G″ of all the samples increased monotonically, and a percolation threshold appeared for 1 wt% MWCNTs. Thus, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites prepared under an elongation flow lead to an effective strengthening of PP/POE better than under a shear flow. This work provides a novel method based on elongational rheology to prepare engineered materials that possess excellent performance capabilities.

Preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate/nanocrystalline cellulose composites via solvent casting

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 869-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandine Codou ◽  
Nathanaël Guigo ◽  
Jesper Gabriël van Berkel ◽  
Ed de Jong ◽  
Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Crystallization Temperature ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Solvent Casting ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cellulose Composites ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

AbstractThe effect of nanocrystalline cellulose dispersion on the nonisothermal crystallization of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) has been investigated by means of solvent casting. The cellulose dispersion plays a significant role on the crystallization temperature, thus dispersive equipments of increasing energies were employed to improve the cellulose particles disaggregation. Therefore, ultra-sonic bath, ultra-sonication, and ultra-turrax were used to disperse cellulose nanocrystals in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol. Dissolved separately in the same solvent, PEF was then poured into the cellulose suspension before casting. The cellulose whiskers were inspected by transmission electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the crystallization temperature, while scanning electron microscopy visualized the cellulose dispersion at the fracture surface. After investigation on the interaction of cellulose/PEF via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the thermal stability of the blends was measured by means of thermogravimetric analysis.

Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Nylon6T/66/PPS Blends

2015 ◽  
Vol 815 ◽  
pp. 503-508
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Xiao Lin Luo ◽  
Mei Lin Zhang ◽  
Xiao Jun Wang ◽  
Gang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Polymer Blending ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Aromatic Polyamides ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

Polymer blending is a very important and widely used method for the modification of polymer materials. However, little attention has been paid to the Semi-aromatic Polyamides with PPS blends. In this article, we investigate the properties of Poly (phenylene sulfide) (PPS) blends with Poly (hexamethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene hexanediamide) (nylon 6T/66). The structure, mechanical properties of nylon 6T/66 and (PPS) blends were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The results indicate that the blends have good thermal stability and the tensile strength, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the blends are better than the PA6T/66 but worse than that of the PPS.

scholarly journals Selective Ring Opening Allene Metathesis: Polymerization or Ruthenium Vinylidene Formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Neary ◽  
Yunyan Sun ◽  
Jeffrey S. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Fluorescent Properties ◽  
Metathesis Polymerization ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Selective Ring Opening

Selective ring-opening allene metathesis polymerization (ROAlMP) and ruthenium vinylidene formation from 1,2-cyclononadiene (<b>1</b>) by simple catalyst selection are discussed. Grubbs second generation catalyst (G2) favors the formation of an alkylidene leading to the ROAlMP of (<b>1</b>). Grubbs first generation catalyst (G1) favors vinylidene formation and prevents the homopolymerization of (<b>1</b>) even at elevated temperatures. Isolation and characterization of poly(<b>1</b>) by NMR analysis and MALDI-TOF confirms the generation of a well-defined polyallene that exhibits good thermal stability (<i>T</i><sub>D</sub> ca. 400 ºC) and fluorescent properties. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a high strained norbornene derivative (NBE-<sup>i</sup>Pr) at 80 ºC using the ruthenium vinylidene generated from (<b>1</b>) is also investigated. The discovery of ROAlMP allows for the simple accesses of well-defined polyallenes from commercially available catalysts and will ultimately guide structure-property determinations of polyallenes.

scholarly journals Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Microcrystalline Cellulose of Date Palm Fibers as a Promising Candidate for Bio-Nanocomposites: Isolation and Characterization

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5313
Author(s):  
Amina Hachaichi ◽  
Benalia Kouini ◽  
Lau Kia Kian ◽  
Mohammad Asim ◽  
Hassan Fouad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Hydrolysis Time ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Date Palm Fibers

Date palm fiber (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a natural biopolymer rich in lignocellulosic components. Its high cellulose content lends them to the extraction of tiny particles like microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). These cellulose-derived small size particles can be used as an alternative biomaterial in wide fields of application due to their renewability and sustainability. In the present work, NCC (A) and NCC (B) were isolated from date palm MCC at 60 min and 90 min hydrolysis times, respectively. The isolated NCC product was subjected to characterization to study their properties differences. With the hydrolysis treatment, the yields of produced NCC could be attained at between 22% and 25%. The infrared-ray functional analysis also revealed the isolated NCC possessed a highly exposed cellulose compartment with minimized lignoresidues of lignin and hemicellulose. From morphology evaluation, the nanoparticles’ size was decreased gradually from NCC (A) (7.51 nm width, 139.91 nm length) to NCC (B) (4.34 nm width, 111.51 nm length) as a result of fragmentation into cellulose fibrils. The crystallinity index was found increasing from NCC (A) to NCC (B). With 90 min hydrolysis time, NCC (B) showed the highest crystallinity index of 71% due to its great cellulose rigidity. For thermal analysis, NCC (B) also exhibited stable heat resistance, in associating with its highly crystalline cellulose structure. In conclusion, the NCC isolated from date palm MCC would be a promising biomaterial for various applications such as biomedical and food packaging applications.

scholarly journals Polylactic Acid Bionanocomposites Filled with Nanocrystalline Cellulose from TEMPO-Oxidized Oil Palm Lignocellulosic Biomass

BioResources ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 8615-8626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eti Indarti ◽  
Rohaizu Roslan ◽  
Marwan Husin ◽  
Wan Rosli Wan Daud
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Casting Technique ◽  
Oxidized Oil ◽  
Bionanocomposite Films ◽  
Weak Compatibility

Bionanocomposites from polylactic acid (PLA) filled with unmodified nanocrystalline cellulose from TEMPO-oxidized oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB-NCC) at various loading levels were fabricated using the solvent casting technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATF-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical analyses were used to characterize the bionanocomposite films. FTIR suggested that the incorporation of the OPEFB-NCC was based on physical interaction. The melting temperature did not change markedly except at higher OPEFB-NCC additions, while the crystallization temperature shifted to lower temperatures and crystallinity increased with increasing OPEFB-NCC content.The SEM of cryo-fractured films indicated a rather weak compatibility between the OPEFB-NCC and PLA, resulting in the decrease of both the modulus and the tensile strength of the bionanocomposite.

scholarly journals Structural, Morphological and thermal properties of Nano filler Produced from Date Palm-based Micro Fibers (Phoenix Dactylifera L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Othman Y Alothman ◽  
H.M. Shaikh ◽  
Basheer A. Alshammari ◽  
Mohammad Jawaid
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Green Composite ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract In this century, the development of nano-sized filler from biomass material has become the main focus of industries in achieving their final green composite product for wide range of applications. From commercial and environmental point of view, fragmentation and downsizing of waste lignocellulosic fibers without chemical treatments into small size particles is a viable option. In this study, an attempt was made to produce nano-sized lignocellulosic fillers from date palm micro fibers via simple mechanical ball milling process. The resultant nanofillers as well as the microfibers were characterized in details by various analytical techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis (PSA), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to assess their structure­—property relationship. From microscopy examination, the nanofillers showed a heterogeneous mix of irregular shaped particles, and while having a size ranging of 30-110 nm in width and 1-10 mm length dimensions. Also, the crystallography analysis revealed the crystallinity had mildly declined from microfibers (71.8%) to nanofiller (68.9%) due to amorphization effect. As for thermal analysis, the nanofillers exhibited relatively stable in both heat resistance and thermos changing behavior, suggesting its suitability for composite fabrication process at high temperature. Thus, the produced nanofillers can be used as a low cost reinforcing agent in the future for versatile polymer-based composite systems.

scholarly journals Fabrication and characterization of novel multilayered structures by stereocomplexion of poly(D-lactic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) and self-assembly of polyelectrolytes

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Dellacasa ◽  
Li Zhao ◽  
Gesheng Yang ◽  
Laura Pastorino ◽  
Gleb B Sukhorukov
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Multilayered Structures ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

The enantiomers poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) were alternately adsorbed directly on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) templates and on poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) multilayer precursors in order to fabricate a novel layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. A single layer of poly(L-lysine) (PLL) was used as a linker between the (PDLA/PLLA) n stereocomplex and the cores with and without the polymeric (PSS/PAH) n /PLL multilayer precursor (PEM). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were used to characterize the chemical composition and molecular weight of poly(lactic acid) polymers. Both multilayer structures, with and without polymeric precursor, were firstly fabricated and characterized on planar supports. A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and ellipsometry were used to evaluate the thickness and mass of the multilayers. Then, hollow, spherical microcapsules were obtained by the removal of the CaCO3 sacrificial template. The chemical composition of the obtained microcapsules was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide X-ray diffraction (WXRD) analyses. The microcapsule morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The experimental results confirm the successful fabrication of this innovative system, and its full biocompatibility makes it worthy of further characterization as a promising drug carrier for sustained release.

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