scholarly journals What Is New in the Field of Industrial Wastes Conversion into Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Bacteria?

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1731
Author(s):  
Paulina Marciniak ◽  
Justyna Możejko-Ciesielska
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
Pha Production ◽  
The Cost

The rising global consumption and industrialization has resulted in increased food processing demand. Food industry generates a tremendous amount of waste which causes serious environmental issues. These problems have forced us to create strategies that will help to reduce the volume of waste and the contamination to the environment. Waste from food industries has great potential as substrates for value-added bioproducts. Among them, polyhydroxyalkanaotes (PHAs) have received considerable attention in recent years due to their comparable characteristics to common plastics. These biodegradable polyesters are produced by microorganisms during fermentation processes utilizing various carbon sources. Scale-up of PHA production is limited due to the cost of the carbon source metabolized by the microorganisms. Therefore, there is a growing need for the development of novel microbial processes using inexpensive carbon sources. Such substrates could be waste generated by the food industry and food service. The use of industrial waste streams for PHAs biosynthesis could transform PHA production into cheaper and more environmentally friendly bioprocess. This review collates in detail recent developments in the biosynthesis of various types of PHAs produced using waste derived from agrofood industries. Challenges associated with this production bioprocess were described, and new ways to overcome them were proposed.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RESIDUAL INSECTICIDES1,2

1969 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 253-258
Author(s):  
Perry Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Commercial Market ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Limited Food ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Developed Nations

Pesticides have vastly improved life for the developed nations of the world. Some developing nations lose a tremendous amount of their limited food production between harvest and consumer. It has been estimated that almost one-half of India's food production is destroyed by pests after harvest. This is a tragic loss in a nation where starvation and malnutrition are man's constant companions. Modem chemicals and pest control methods could reduce this loss in a short time. Research has continued to provide new insecticides as fast as insects have developed resistance. Unfortunately many insects have been able to develop a cross resistance to some pesticides. In other words, instead of only being resistant to malathion, diazinon, and other organic phosphates, some insects have also exhibited resistance to carbamate materials. At present no one has the answer to this resistance problem, but many people are working on it and it is not inconceivable that a solution will be found. In spite of resistance, residue tolerances, and increasing governmental restrictions, pesticides are still necessary to maintain our standards of sanitation. As regulations increase, the cost of developing new pesticides increases and the number of new compounds reaching the commercial market decreases. This decrease has been quite apparent in the past few years. If the present trend continues, it is conceivable that one day the flow of new materials will be dangerously low. At that time new approaches to replace residuals and other pesticides will be vitally important. The new chemicals, equipment, and techniques discussed will only be useful to the food industry if they are applied. Now is the time for all good sanitarians to come to the aid of their company and their country. Increasing costs, rising purity standards, and tightening regulations will tax the managerial and technical abilities of the food industry. Our sanitation programs must be constantly ahead of requirements. Food processors cannot complacently say, “we meet specifications,” because the “specifications” continually evolve toward purer food and more sanitary processing facilities.

A novel strain of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila produces super-active alkaline protease during cassava effluent fermentation: process optimization, kinetic modeling and scale-up

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atim Asitok ◽  
Maurice George Ekpenyong ◽  
Iquo Takon ◽  
Sylvester Antai ◽  
Nkpa Ogarekpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Protease ◽  
Shake Flask ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Substrate Consumption ◽  
Biomass Formation ◽  
Volumetric Rate

Abstract Microbial fermentations for value-added metabolites production are exploited for efficient bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes for the dual purposes of pollution abatement and cost-effectiveness. In the present study, the regular 2-level factorial design was employed to screen fermentation parameters that enhance production of a novel alkaline protease by a strain of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila using cassava processing effluent as substrate. Data from randomized experiments of central composite rotatable design for improved enzyme activity, guided by path of steepest ascent experiments, were modeled and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Shake flask kinetics of production under optimized conditions was modeled by logistic and modified Gompertz models and determinations of maximum specific growth rate, µmax, maximum volumetric rate of substrate consumption, rsm, maximum volumetric rate of biomass formation, rxm and specific yield of product, Yp/x were made. Logistic model poorly fitted RSM-generated product formation and substrate consumption data. However, biomass formation was accurately fitted (adjusted r2 >99%), with µmax of 0.471 h-1. The modified Gompertz model, on the contrary, more accurately fitted all three major response data with minimal mean squared error. Potential for scale-up of bioprocess evaluated in 5-L bioreactor satisfactorily revealed 8.5-fold more substrate consumption in bioreactor than in shake flask. The 86.76-fold aqueous two-phase system-purified protease had a specific activity of 1416.73 Umg-1 which improved with increasing surfactant concentration. These results suggest significant bioprocess potential for sustainable cassava effluent management and concomitant commercial production of alkaline protease for industrial detergent application.

scholarly journals Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Unsterilized Hyper-Saline Medium by Halophiles Using Waste Silkworm Excrement as Carbon Source

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7122
Author(s):  
Shuangfeng Cai ◽  
Yaran Wu ◽  
Yanan Li ◽  
Shuying Yang ◽  
Zhi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Pha Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Haloarcula Hispanica ◽  
Saline Medium ◽  
Nile Red Staining

The chlorophyll ethanol-extracted silkworm excrement was hardly biologically reused or fermented by most microorganisms. However, partial extremely environmental halophiles were reported to be able to utilize a variety of inexpensive carbon sources to accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates. In this study, by using the nile red staining and gas chromatography assays, two endogenous haloarchaea strains: Haloarcula hispanica A85 and Natrinema altunense A112 of silkworm excrement were shown to accumulate poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) up to 0.23 g/L and 0.08 g/L, respectively, when using the silkworm excrement as the sole carbon source. The PHA production of two haloarchaea showed no significant decreases in the silkworm excrement medium without being sterilized compared to that of the sterilized medium. Meanwhile, the CFU experiments revealed that there were more than 60% target PHAs producing haloarchaea cells at the time of the highest PHAs production, and the addition of 0.5% glucose into the open fermentation medium can largely increase both the ratio of target haloarchaea cells (to nearly 100%) and the production of PHAs. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the feasibility of using endogenous haloarchaea to utilize waste silkworm excrement, effectively. The introduce of halophiles could provide a potential way for open fermentation to further lower the cost of the production of PHAs.

scholarly journals Enhancement of polyhydroxyalkanoate production by co-feeding lignin derivatives with glycerol in Pseudomonas putida KT2440

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhangyang Xu ◽  
Chunmei Pan ◽  
Xiaolu Li ◽  
Naijia Hao ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Vanillic Acid ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Carbon Substrate ◽  
Pha Production ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background Efficient utilization of all available carbons from lignocellulosic biomass is critical for economic efficiency of a bioconversion process to produce renewable bioproducts. However, the metabolic responses that enable Pseudomonas putida to utilize mixed carbon sources to generate reducing power and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) remain unclear. Previous research has mainly focused on different fermentation strategies, including the sequential feeding of xylose as the growth stage substrate and octanoic acid as the PHA-producing substrate, feeding glycerol as the sole carbon substrate, and co-feeding of lignin and glucose. This study developed a new strategy—co-feeding glycerol and lignin derivatives such as benzoate, vanillin, and vanillic acid in Pseudomonas putida KT2440—for the first time, which simultaneously improved both cell biomass and PHA production. Results Co-feeding lignin derivatives (i.e. benzoate, vanillin, and vanillic acid) and glycerol to P. putida KT2440 was shown for the first time to simultaneously increase cell dry weight (CDW) by 9.4–16.1% and PHA content by 29.0–63.2%, respectively, compared with feeding glycerol alone. GC–MS results revealed that the addition of lignin derivatives to glycerol decreased the distribution of long-chain monomers (C10 and C12) by 0.4–4.4% and increased the distribution of short-chain monomers (C6 and C8) by 0.8–3.5%. The 1H–13C HMBC, 1H–13C HSQC, and 1H–1H COSY NMR analysis confirmed that the PHA monomers (C6–C14) were produced when glycerol was fed to the bacteria alone or together with lignin derivatives. Moreover, investigation of the glycerol/benzoate/nitrogen ratios showed that benzoate acted as an independent factor in PHA synthesis. Furthermore, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR metabolite analysis and mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics measurements suggested that the addition of benzoate stimulated oxidative-stress responses, enhanced glycerol consumption, and altered the intracellular NAD+/NADH and NADPH/NADP+ ratios by up-regulating the proteins involved in energy generation and storage processes, including the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway, the reductive TCA route, trehalose degradation, fatty acid β-oxidation, and PHA biosynthesis. Conclusions This work demonstrated an effective co-carbon feeding strategy to improve PHA content/yield and convert lignin derivatives into value-added products in P. putida KT2440. Co-feeding lignin break-down products with other carbon sources, such as glycerol, has been demonstrated as an efficient way to utilize biomass to increase PHA production in P. putida KT2440. Moreover, the involvement of aromatic degradation favours further lignin utilization, and the combination of proteomics and metabolomics with NMR sheds light on the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms for cellular redox balance and potential genetic targets for a higher biomass carbon conversion efficiency.

scholarly journals Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Two Halophilic Archaeal Isolates from Chott El Jerid Using Inexpensive Carbon Sources

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manel Ben Abdallah ◽  
Fatma Karray ◽  
Sami Sayadi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Pha Production

The large use of conventional plastics has resulted in serious environmental problems. Polyhydroxyalkanoates represent a potent replacement to synthetic plastics because of their biodegradable nature. This study aimed to screen bacteria and archaea isolated from an extreme environment, the salt lake Chott El Jerid for the accumulation of these inclusions. Among them, two archaeal strains showed positive results with phenotypic and genotypic methods. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA gene, indicated that polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-producing archaeal isolates CEJGTEA101 and CEJEA36 were related to Natrinema altunense and Haloterrigena jeotgali, respectively. Gas chromatography and UV-visible spectrophotometric analyses revealed that the PHA were identified as polyhydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxyvalerate, respectively. According to gas chromatography analysis, the strain CEJGTEA101 produced maximum yield of 7 wt % at 37 °C; pH 6.5; 20% NaCl and the strain CEJEA36 produced 3.6 wt % at 37 °C; pH 7; 25% NaCl in a medium supplemented with 2% glucose. Under nutritionally optimal cultivation conditions, polymers were extracted from these strains and were determined by gravimetric analysis yielding PHA production of 35% and 25% of cell dry weight. In conclusion, optimization of PHA production from inexpensive industrial wastes and carbon sources has considerable interest for reducing costs and obtaining high yield.

scholarly journals Selective Synthesis of Furfuryl Alcohol from Biomass-Derived Furfural Using Immobilized Yeast Cells

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Ying Zhang ◽  
Zhong-Hua Xu ◽  
Min-Hua Zong ◽  
Chuan-Fu Wang ◽  
Ning Li
Keyword(s):  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Substrate Conversion ◽  
Immobilized Yeast Cells ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Furfuryl alcohol (FA) is an important building block in polymer, food, and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, we reported the biocatalytic reduction of furfural, one of the top value-added bio-based platform chemicals, to FA by immobilized Meyerozyma guilliermondii SC1103 cells. The biocatalytic process was optimized, and the tolerance of this yeast strain toward toxic furfural was evaluated. It was found that furfural of 200 mM could be reduced smoothly to the desired product FA with the conversion of 98% and the selectivity of >98%, while the FA yield was only approximately 81%. The gap between the substrate conversion and the product yield might partially be attributed to the substantial adsorption of the immobilization material (calcium alginate) toward the desired product, but microbial metabolism of furans (as carbon sources) made a negligible contribution to it. In addition, FA of approximately 156 mM was produced within 7 h in a scale-up reaction, along with the formation of trace 2-furoic acid (1 mM) as the byproduct. The FA productivity was up to 2.9 g/L/h, the highest value ever reported in the biocatalytic synthesis of FA. The crude FA was simply separated from the reaction mixture by organic solvent extraction, with the recovery of 90% and the purity of 88%. FA as high as 266 mM was produced by using a fed-batch strategy within 15.5 h.

scholarly journals A Novel Strain of Stenotrophomonas Acidaminiphila Produces Super-active Alkaline Protease During Cassava Effluent Fermentation: Process Optimization, Kinetic Modeling and Scale-up

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atim Asitok ◽  
Maurice George Ekpenyong ◽  
Iquo Takon ◽  
Sylvester Antai ◽  
Nkpa Ogarekpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Protease ◽  
Shake Flask ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Substrate Consumption ◽  
Biomass Formation ◽  
Volumetric Rate

Abstract PurposeMicrobial fermentations for value-added metabolites production are exploited for efficient bioconversion of agro-industrial wastes for the dual purposes of pollution abatement and cost-effectiveness.MethodsIn the present study, the regular 2-level factorial design was employed to screen fermentation parameters that enhance production of a novel alkaline protease by a strain of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila using cassava processing effluent as substrate. Data from randomized experiments of central composite rotatable design for improved enzyme activity, guided by path of steepest ascent experiments, were modeled and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Shake flask kinetics of production under optimized conditions was modeled by logistic and modified Gompertz models and determinations of maximum specific growth rate, µmax, maximum volumetric rate of substrate consumption, rsm, maximum volumetric rate of biomass formation, rxm and specific yield of product, Yp/x were made.ResultsLogistic model poorly fitted RSM-generated product formation and substrate consumption data. However, biomass formation was accurately fitted (adjusted r2 >99%), with µmax of 0.471 h-1. The modified Gompertz model, on the contrary, more accurately fitted all three major response data with minimal mean squared error. Potential for scale-up of bioprocess evaluated in 5-L bioreactor satisfactorily revealed 8.5-fold more substrate consumption in bioreactor than in shake flask. The 86.76-fold aqueous two-phase system-purified protease had a specific activity of 1416.73 Umg-1 which improved with increasing surfactant concentration.ConclusionThese results suggest significant bioprocess potential for sustainable cassava effluent management and concomitant commercial production of alkaline protease for industrial detergent application.

scholarly journals Valorising Agro-industrial Wastes within the Circular Bioeconomy Concept: the Case of Defatted Rice Bran with Emphasis on Bioconversion Strategies

Fermentation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alexandri ◽  
José Pablo López-Gómez ◽  
Agata Olszewska-Widdrat ◽  
Joachim Venus
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Defatted Rice Bran ◽  
Sustainable Utilisation ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals

The numerous environmental problems caused by the extensive use of fossil resources have led to the formation of the circular bioeconomy concept. Renewable resources will constitute the cornerstone of this new, sustainable model, with biomass presenting a huge potential for the production of fuels and chemicals. In this context, waste and by-product streams from the food industry will be treated not as “wastes” but as resources. Rice production generates various by-product streams which currently are highly unexploited, leading to environmental problems especially in the countries that are the main producers. The main by-product streams include the straw, the husks, and the rice bran. Among these streams, rice bran finds applications in the food industry and cosmetics, mainly due to its high oil content. The high demand for rice bran oil generates huge amounts of defatted rice bran (DRB), the main by-product of the oil extraction process. The sustainable utilisation of this by-product has been a topic of research, either as a food additive or via its bioconversion into value-added products and chemicals. This review describes all the processes involved in the efficient bioconversion of DRB into biotechnological products. The detailed description of the production process, yields and productivities, as well as strains used for the production of bioethanol, lactic acid and biobutanol, among others, are discussed.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Co-feeding Lignin Derivatives With Glycerol in Pseudomonas Putida KT2440

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhangyang Xu ◽  
Chunmei Pan ◽  
Xiaolu Li ◽  
Naijia Hao ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Vanillic Acid ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Carbon Substrate ◽  
Pha Production ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background: Efficient utilization of all available carbons from lignocellulosic biomass is critical for economic efficiency of a bioconversion process to produce renewable bioproducts. However, the metabolic responses that enable Pseudomonas putida to utilize mixed carbon sources to generate reducing power and Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) remain unclear. Previous research has mainly focused on different fermentation strategies, including the sequential feeding of xylose as the growth stage substrate and octanoic acid as the PHA producing substrate, feeding glycerol as the sole carbon substrate, and co-feeding of lignin and glucose. This study developed a new strategy - co-feeding glycerol and lignin derivatives such as benzoate, vanillin, and vanillic acid in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 - for the first time, which simultaneously improved both cell biomass and PHA production. Results: Co-feeding lignin derivatives (i.e. benzoate, vanillin, and vanillic acid) and glycerol to P. putida KT2440 was shown for the first time to simultaneously increase cell dry weight (CDW) by 9.4 %-16.1 % and PHA content by 29.0 %-63.2 %, respectively, compared with feeding glycerol alone. GC-MS results revealed that the addition of lignin derivatives to glycerol decreased the distribution of long chain monomers (C10 and C12) by 0.4 %-4.4 % and increased the distribution of short chain monomers (C6 and C8) by 0.8 %-3.5 %. The 1H -13C HMBC, 1H-13C HSQC, and 1H-1H COSY NMR analysis confirmed that the PHA monomers (C6-C14) were produced when glycerol was fed to the bacteria alone or together with lignin derivatives. Moreover, investigation of the glycerol/benzoate/nitrogen ratios showed that benzoate acted as an independent factor in PHA synthesis. Furthermore, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR metabolite analysis and mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics measurements suggested that the addition of benzoate stimulated oxidative-stress responses enhanced glycerol consumption and altered the intracellular NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H ratios by up-regulating the proteins involved in energy generation and storage processes, including the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway, the reductive TCA route, trehalose degradation, fatty-acid β-oxidation, and PHA biosynthesis.Conclusions: This work demonstrated an effective co-carbon feeding strategy to improve PHA yield and convert lignin derivatives into value-added products in P. putida KT2440. Co-feeding lignin derivativeswith other carbon sources, such as glycerol, has been demonstrated as an efficient way to utilize biomass to increase PHA production in P. putida KT2440. Moreover, the involvement of aromatic degradation favors further lignin utilization, and the combination of proteomics and metabolomics with NMR sheds light on the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms for cellular redox balance and potential genetic targets for a higher biomass carbon conversion efficiency.

scholarly journals Cellulases: From Bioactivity to a Variety of Industrial Applications

Biomimetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Uroosa Ejaz ◽  
Muhammad Sohail ◽  
Abdelaziz Ghanemi
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Roasted Coffee ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Catalytic Power

Utilization of microbial enzymes has been widely reported for centuries, but the commercial use of enzymes has been recently adopted. Particularly, cellulases have been utilized in various commercial sectors including agriculture, brewing, laundry, pulp and paper and textile industry. Cellulases of microbial origin have shown their potential application in various commercial sectors including textile, pulp and paper, laundry, brewing, agriculture and biofuel. Cellulases have diversified applications in the food industry, food service, food supply and its preservation. Indeed, cellulases can tenderize fruits, clarify the fruit juices, reduce roughage in dough, hydrolyze the roasted coffee, extract tea polyphenols and essential oils from olives and can increase aroma and taste in food items. However, their role in food industries has by and large remained neglected. The use of immobilized cellulases has further expanded their application in fruit and vegetable processing as it potentiates the catalytic power and reduces the cost of process. Technological and scientific developments will further expand their potential usage in the food industry.

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