scholarly journals Optimizing Flame Retardancy and Durability of Melamine-Formaldehyde/Solid-Urban-Waste Composite Panels

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Carola Esposito Corcione ◽  
Francesca Ferrari ◽  
Raffaella Striani ◽  
Laura Dubrulle ◽  
Paolo Visconti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Accelerated Weathering ◽  
Composite Panels ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Melamine Formaldehyde ◽  
Cone Calorimetry

In our previous study, an innovative method for sterilization, inertization, and valorization of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), to be recycled in the production of composite panels, was developed. In this follow-up work, the effects of fire retardants on fire performance, durability, and the mechanical properties of the composite panels based on OFMSW and melamine-formaldehyde resin were investigated. The performance of panels without fire retardants (control panels) was compared to panels containing either mono-ammonium phosphate (PFR) or aluminium trihydrate (ATH) at a mass fraction of 1% and 10% (modified panels). As shown by cone calorimetry, the total heat released was already low (about 31 MJ/m2 at 50 kW/m2) in the control panels, further decreased in the modified panels with the addition of fire retardants, and reached the lowest value (about 1.4 MJ/m2) with 10% mass fraction of PFR. Hence, the addition of fire retardants had a beneficial effect on the response to fire of the panels; however, it also reduced the mechanical properties of the panels as measured by flexural tests. The deterioration of the mechanical properties was particularly obvious in panels containing 10% mass fraction of fire retardants, and they were further degraded by artificial accelerated weathering, carried out by boiling tests. Ultimately, the panels containing PFR at a mass fraction of 1% offered the best balance of fire resistance, durability, and mechanical performance within the formulations investigated in this study.

scholarly journals The Effects of Some Phosphorus-Containing Fire Retardants on the Properties of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Composite Laminates Made from Blends of Unsaturated Polyester and Phenolic Resins

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Latha Krishnan ◽  
Baljinder. K. Kandola ◽  
John R. Ebdon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Ul 94

This study investigated the effects of phosphorus fire retardants (FRs) in matrices from co-cured blends of an unsaturated polyester (UP) with inherently fire-retardant phenolic resoles (PH) on the mechanical and flammability properties of resultant glass fibre-reinforced composites. Three different phenolic resoles with UP have been used: (i) an ethanol soluble (PH-S), (ii) an epoxy-functionalised (PH-Ep), and (iii) an allyl-functionalised resin (PH-Al) with two different phosphorus FRs: resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The flammabilities of the resultant composites were evaluated using cone calorimetry and the UL-94 test. Cone calorimetric results showed reductions in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat released (THR) as expected compared to those of UP and respective UP/PH composite laminates without FRs. UL-94 tests results showed that while all composites had HB rating, FR containing samples self-extinguished after removal of the flame. The mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated using flexural, tensile and impact tests. All FRs reduced the mechanical properties, and the reduction in mechanical properties was more severe in UP/PH-S (least compatible blends) composites with FRs than in UP/PH-Al (most compatible blends) composites with FRs. Amongst the different composites, those from UP/PH-Al with DOPO showed the best fire retardancy with little deterioration of mechanical performance.

Preparation of Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Modified with Pentaerythritol and its Flame Retardant Effect in Polypropylene

2020 ◽  
Vol 1003 ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
Fu Long Zhou ◽  
Hong Zhi Wu ◽  
Ming Mei Sun ◽  
Xin Zhu ◽  
Lin Sheng Tang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Melamine Formaldehyde ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Melamine Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
C Nmr

A new triazine charring agent, melamine formaldehyde resin modified with pentaerythritol (named as MF-MPOL), was synthesized through hydroxymethylation, condensation and etherification by using melamine, paraformaldehyde and pentaerythritol as raw materials, and characterized by solid-state 13C NMR and FT-IR. The intumescent flame retardant (IFR) consisting of MF-MPOL with ammonium polyphosphate has good flame retardancy in polypropylene (PP). The analysis of the residues obtained in cone calorimetry test showed that the IFR played a role of flame retardancy mainly in condensed phase. In other words, the porous and dense - continuous intumescent char layer formed during the burning process results in flame retardant effect by insulation of heat, oxygen and preventing the underlying PP from degradation and volatilization of pyrolytic products.

Flammability and Mechanical Properties of EVA Composites Containing Ammonium Polyphosphate Microcapsules

2012 ◽  
Vol 466-467 ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Zhou Wang ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Ping Kai Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Melamine Formaldehyde ◽  
Thermal Decomposition Behavior ◽  
Decomposition Behavior ◽  
Acetate Copolymer ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

Flame retardant and mechanical properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) composites containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and its microcapsules, MFAPP with a shell of melamine–formaldehyde resin and EPAPP with a shell of epoxy resin, were evaluated in EVA. The results indicate that APP after the microencapsulation leads to an increase in LOI in EVA compared with APP. When dipentaerythritol is added into the EVA composites containing APP microcapsules, a further improvement in flame retardancy of the composite is observed. Moreover, thermal decomposition behavior and mechanical properties of the EVA composites are investigated.

scholarly journals Evolution of Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties for Multilayered Al Matrix Composites by Accumulative Roll Bonding

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5576
Author(s):  
Wen-Jing Wang ◽  
Kam-Chuen Yung ◽  
An-Dong Tang ◽  
Hang-Shan Choy ◽  
Zheng Lv
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Accumulative Roll Bonding ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Aluminum Matrix ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Roll Bonding ◽  
Grain Distribution ◽  
Al Matrix Composites

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced aluminum matrix nanocomposites were fabricated by Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB). The surface morphologies, mechanical properties, grains texture and orientation of the Al/CNTs nanocomposites were characterized, and the mechanisms and influences of CNTs contents and ARB cycles on the mechanical performance and grain textures of Al/CNTs were investigated and revealed. The strength of the composites rose with increase of the CNTs content, and the ARB cycles showed a 26% improvement when the CNTs content varied from 0 to 1 volume percent (vol.%). The increase in the mass fraction of the carbon nanotubes made the grain distribution in the Al/CNTs nanocomposite samples more diffuse. Besides, the stable texture of the hot rolled crystal grains on the α orientation are constantly turning to {011}< 011> with the mass fraction of the reinforcing phase increased.

Flame Retardation of PP/EPDM Composites Containing Ammonium Polyphosphate and its Microcapsules

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 399-402
Author(s):  
Zheng Zhou Wang ◽  
Zhong Qian Gu ◽  
Ping Kai Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Melamine Formaldehyde ◽  
Melamine Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Better Than

Flame retardation of PP/EPDM blend containing ammonium polyphosphate or its microcapsule (MFAPP) combined with dipentaerythritol (DPER) was evaluated by LOI and UL -94 methods. It is found that MFAPP is better than APP in exerting flame retardation in the PP/EPDM. No apparent improvement in flame retardation for APP and MFAPP in combination with DPER in the PP/EPDM blend. SEM results show that microencapsulation of APP with the melamine–formaldehyde resin leads to some improvement in its dispersion in the blend. Moreover, mechanical properties of the flame retarded PP/EPDM composites are studied.

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