scholarly journals Polypropylene/Ethylene—And Polar—Monomer-Based Copolymers/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites: Morphology, Mechanical Properties, and Oxygen Permeability

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Juan Felipe Castro-Landinez ◽  
Felipe Salcedo-Galan ◽  
Jorge Alberto Medina-Perilla
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Oxygen Transmission Rate ◽  
Polar Functional Groups ◽  
Polar Monomer

This research reports the influence of polar monomer contents in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) on the morphology, mechanical and barrier properties of polypropylene/ethylene copolymer (PP) reinforced with organically modified montmorillonite (MMT). PP/EVA and PP/EVOH (75/25 wt %) blends were reinforced with 3 wt % MMT in an internal mixer system. Samples were compression-molded into films of 300μ μm. The structural characterization was made using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the mechanical properties were obtained by tension tests and the barrier properties by oxygen transmission rate (OTR). XRD patterns showed a combination of intercalated/exfoliated morphologies for the MMT, with higher d-001 interplanar distance increments for the blends with higher content of polar functional groups. SEM and TEM micrographs complement the results of the XRD analysis and show differences in the morphologies depending on the miscibility of the polyolefin and the polar monomer copolymer. Mechanical properties and oxygen permeability of composites exhibited a higher improvement, by the addition of MMT, for higher intermolecular interactions and most miscible polymeric system of the EVA. These results show that the higher the number of interactions, given by the VA or OH polar functional groups, the morphology and the miscibility between polyolefin and copolymer imply dispersion improvements of the nanocomposites and, in consequence, a higher improvement on the mechanical and barrier properties of the composite material.

Barrier and physical properties of polypropylene/highbarrier ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer blends compatibilized with a sodium ionomer

e-Polymers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Ares ◽  
María J Abad ◽  
Luis Barral ◽  
Sandra García-Garabal
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Know How ◽  
Oxygen Transmission Rate ◽  
Copolymer Blends ◽  
Packaging Industry ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Oxygen Transmission

AbstractThe aim of this work is to investigate the properties of the PP/EVOH films for their potential use in the packaging industry. Besides, the barrier properties, the mechanical parameters and the morphology of the PP/EVOH films have been studied as function of their composition and the processing technique used for their manufacture. In these applications, the package is frequently in contact with humidity environments and for this, it is necessary to know how environments with different humidity contents, affect the O2 permeability of the polymer material. For these reasons, the influence of the moisture in the values of permeability was evaluated too. The data showed that the oxygen transmission rate (O2TR) decreased with the amount of EVOH, and if the copolymer mass is maintained constant, the O2TR diminished with the quantity of the ionomer in the compositions. Besides, the films obtained by extrusion and following unidirectional stretching, presented better barrier properties to the oxygen molecules than the compression moulded films. When the ionomer is added to the compositions the permeability is reduced even for the films maintained in wet atmosphere. The micrographs obtained by SEM showed that the films have a biphasic structure, where the EVOH particles are dispersed in the PP matrix.

scholarly journals Renewable cellulosic nanocomposites for food packaging to avoid fossil fuel plastic pollution: a review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umair Qasim ◽  
Ahmed I. Osman ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
Charlie Farrell ◽  
Mohammed Al-Abri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Oxygen Transmission Rate ◽  
Cellulose Nanoparticles

Abstract The extensive use of petroleum-based synthetic and non-biodegradable materials for packaging applications has caused severe environmental damage. The rising demand for sustainable packaging materials has encouraged scientists to explore abundant unconventional materials. For instance, cellulose, extracted from lignocellulosic biomass, has gained attention owing to its ecological and biodegradable nature. This article reviews the extraction of cellulose nanoparticles from conventional and non-conventional lignocellulosic biomass, and the preparation of cellulosic nanocomposites for food packaging. Cellulosic nanocomposites exhibit exceptional mechanical, biodegradation, optical and barrier properties, which are attributed to the nanoscale structure and the high specific surface area, of 533 m2 g−1, of cellulose. The mechanical properties of composites improve with the content of cellulose nanoparticles, yet an excessive amount induces agglomeration and, in turn, poor mechanical properties. Addition of cellulose nanoparticles increases tensile properties by about 42%. Barrier properties of the composites are reinforced by cellulose nanoparticles; for instance, the water vapor permeability decreased by 28% in the presence of 5 wt% cellulose nanoparticles. Moreover, 1 wt% addition of filler decreased the oxygen transmission rate by 21%. We also discuss the eco-design process, designing principles and challenges.

scholarly journals Impact of Backbone Amide Substitution at the Meta- and Para-Positions on the Gas Barrier Properties of Polyimide

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2097
Author(s):  
Qian Wen ◽  
Ao Tang ◽  
Chengliang Chen ◽  
Yiwu Liu ◽  
Chunguang Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Polyimide Film ◽  
Flexible Display ◽  
Gas Barrier ◽  
Positron Annihilation Lifetime ◽  
Barrier Materials ◽  
Oxygen Transmission Rate ◽  
Display Technology ◽  
Gas Barrier Properties

This study designed and synthesised a meta-amide-substituted dianiline monomer (m-DABA) as a stereoisomer of DABA, a previously investigated para-amide-substituted dianiline monomer. This new monomer was polymerised with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) to prepare a polyimide film (m-DABPI) in a process similar to that employed in a previous study. The relationship between the substitution positions on the monomer and the gas barrier properties of the polyimide film was investigated via molecular simulation, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD), and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) to gain deeper insights into the gas barrier mechanism. The results showed that compared with the para-substituted DABPI, the m-DABPI exhibited better gas barrier properties, with a water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) and an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) as low as 2.8 g·m−2·d−1 and 3.3 cm3·m−2·d−1, respectively. This was because the meta-linked polyimide molecular chains were more tightly packed, leading to a smaller free volume and lower molecular chain mobility. These properties are not conducive to the permeation of small molecules into the film; thus, the gas barrier properties were improved. The findings have significant implications for the structural design of high-barrier materials and could promote the development of flexible display technology.

Nanocomposite Films of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Grafted Graphene Oxide/Poly(vinyl alcohol) for Gas Barrier Film Applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 8348-8352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Eui Lee ◽  
Hyoung-Joon Jin
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Gas Barrier ◽  
Oxygen Transmission Rate ◽  
Gas Barrier Properties

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composites containing graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with PVA were synthesized via the esterification of the carboxylic groups of GO. The presence of PVA-grafted GO (PVA-g-GO) in the PVA matrix induced strong interactions between the chains of the PVA matrix and allowed the PVA-g-GO to be uniformly dispersed throughout the matrix. The grafting of PVA to GO increased the gas barrier properties of the GO/PVA composites because of the increased compatibility between GO and PVA. The PVA-g-GO/PVA composites were used to coat the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. These coated films exhibited excellent gas barrier properties; the film containing 0.3 wt% of PVA-g-GO had an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 0.025 cc/(m2 · day) and an optical transmittance of 83.8%. As a result, PVA-g-GO/PVA composites that exhibited enhanced gas barrier properties were prepared with a solution mixing method.

scholarly journals Design of Novel PLA/OMMT Films with Improved Gas Barrier and Mechanical Properties by Intercalating OMMT Interlayer with High Gas Barrier Polymers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3962
Author(s):  
Abdul Shakoor Shar ◽  
Caili Zhang ◽  
Xieqing Song ◽  
Yunxuan Weng ◽  
Qiuyue Du
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Diffraction Measurement ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Gas Barrier ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Barrier Polymers

Polymer/clay composites are an innovative class of materials. In this study, we present a facile method for the preparation of biodegradable and robust PLA/organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT) composite films with excellent gas barrier performance. When the design of PLA/OMMT composite films, in addition to making OMMT have good intercalation effect in the matrix, the compatibility of intercalating polymer and matrix should also be considered. In this work, two polymers with high gas barrier properties, namely poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), were selected to intercalate OMMT. The morphology and microstructures of the prepared PLA/PVA/OMMT and PLA/EVOH/OMMT composites were characterized by the X-ray diffraction measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was shown that the good dispersibility of PVA in the PLA matrix, rather than the intercalation effect, was responsible for the improved gas barrier and mechanical properties of PLA/PVA/OMMT composite. The elongation at break increases from 4.5% to 22.7% when 1 wt % PVA is added to PLA/OMMT. Moreover, gas barrier of PLA/PVA1/OMMT measured as O2 permeability is 52.8% higher than that of neat PLA. This work provides a route to intercalate OMMT interlayer with high gas barrier polymers and thus can be a useful reference to fabricate PLA/OMMT composites with improved gas barrier and mechanical properties. A comparison of oxygen permeabilities with existing commercial packaging films indicates that the biodegradable PLA/PVA/OMMT may serve as a viable substitute for packaging film applications.

scholarly journals EDIBLE WHEAT GLUTEN FILMS: DEVELOPMENT, MECHANICAL AND BARRIER PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION TO STRAWBERRIES ( Fragaria Ananassa)

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA S. TANADA-PALMU ◽  
CARLOS GROSSO
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Percent Elongation ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Low Concentrations

Filmes de glúten de trigo foram preparados em diferentes valores de pH e concentrações de glúten, etanol e glicerol. Seus efeitos sobre permeabilidade ao vapor de água e oxigênio, solubilidade em água, força de tensão e porcentagem de elongação foram avaliados usando-se a Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta. Menor permeabilidade ao oxigênio foi observada em menores concentrações de glicerol, glúten e etanol. As propriedades mecânicas foram principalmente afetadas pelas concentrações de glúten e glicerol e o filme mais resistente foi obtido quando maior concentração de glúten e menor de glicerol foram utilizadas. Coberturas de glúten de trigo aplicadas em morangos frescos reduziram as perdas de firmeza e de peso durante a estocagem em comparação com controle não revestido. Abstract Films from wheat gluten were prepared with different pH values and concentrations of gluten, ethanol and glycerol. Their effects on oxygen and water vapor permeabilities, water solubility, tensile strength and percent elongation at break were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology. The lowest oxygen permeability would be expected at low concentrations of glycerol, gluten and ethanol. The mechanical properties were mainly affected by gluten and glycerol concentrations and the most resistant film was obtained at high gluten and low glycerol concentrations. Wheat gluten coating applied to fresh strawberries reduced weight and firmness losses during storage as compared to uncoated controls.

Esterified lignin coating as water vapor and oxygen barrier for fiber-based packaging

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 899-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Lena Hult ◽  
Klaus Koivu ◽  
Janne Asikkala ◽  
Jarmo Ropponen ◽  
Pauli Wrigstedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Oxygen Barrier ◽  
Continuous Film ◽  
Barrier Materials ◽  
Oxygen Transmission Rate ◽  
Moisture Barrier Property

Abstract Lignin, esterified with palmitic and lauric acid chloride, has been studied for the application as coating on fiber-based packaging material. The aim was to improve the barrier properties against water vapor and oxygen of paperboard. The esterification was followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography measurements. The lignin esters were applied on paperboard and formed a continuous film. The moisture barrier property of the coated paperboards was characterized by the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). A significant decrease in WVTR was observed, for example, 40 g m-2 (for 24 h) for a paperboard coated with 10.4 g m-2 hardwood kraft lignin palmitate. The contact angle of water on the lignin ester coatings was high and stable. For all paperboard samples coated with lignin esters, a significant decrease in oxygen transmission rate was observed. Accordingly, lignin palmitate and laurate have a high potential as a barrier materials in packaging applications.

Dispersion characteristics of hydroxyl and carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in polyester nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 759-765
Author(s):  
Muhammad Remanul Islam ◽  
Md. Dalour H. Beg
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Melting Behavior ◽  
Dispersion Characteristics ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Result Analysis ◽  
Functionalized Mwcnts

Abstract Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced polyester-based composites were prepared by mixed blending in a solvent. Orthophthalic unsaturated polyester was blended individually with different types of non-functionalized and functionalized MWCNTs. Two types of functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) were introduced with MWCNTs for the nanocomposites. The mechanical properties of the composites, like tensile, three-point bending and impact energy were evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used for the functional group analysis. The dispersion characteristics of the samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy and field-emission electron microscopy. In addition, the thermal decomposition and melting behavior of the samples was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The properties were varied due to the variation of the functional groups. The result analysis showed that the entangled agglomerations of hydroxyl-functionalized MWCNTs were destroyed to relatively smaller clusters. The hydroxyl-functionalized MWCNTs were more effective for homogeneous dispersion and contributed for better mechanical properties of the composites, compared to non-functionalized and carboxyl group-functionalized MWCNTs.

Application of Chitosan as a Barrier Coating on Coated Ivory Board

2012 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Fang ◽  
Gang Chen ◽  
Yu Sha Liu ◽  
Xin Sheng Chai
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
Oxygen Barrier ◽  
Coated Paper ◽  
Oxygen Transmission Rate ◽  
Coating Weight

Chitosan solution was applied to coated ivory board as a barrier material, and the surface microstructure, oxygen resistance and water vapor permeability of chitosan-coated paper under different coating weight were studied. According to the images of scanning electron microscope(SEM) and Atomic force microscope(AFM), the coated ivory board surface has a smooth contour without pores and cracks after coating with chitosan. Increasing in coating hold-out of chitosan, the smoothness and the oxygen barrier properties of coated paper were improved considerably, but no improvement on water vapor resistance. An Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 119.0 cm3/m2•24h•0.1MPa was obtained when the coating weight of chitosan was 3.96 g/m2. Single-layer and double-layer techniques were used to coat coated ivory paper with chitosan; it was found that the OTR of paper, obtaining by double-layer coating technique, was lower than that of single-layer paper at similar coating weight. For the purpose of reducing water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of chitosan-coated paper, Poly(vinyldene chloride)(PVDC) was applied on the chitosan-coated paper. Water vapor and oxygen barrier properties were enhanced as the coating weight of PVDC increased from 1.05 g/m2to 7.40 g/m2. While the chitosan and PVDC was coated on coated ivory paper through bi-layer technique for 1.96 g/m2and 7.40g/m2, respectively, the WVTR and OTR of paper decreased by 66.3% and 98.0% separately, compared to that of the chitosan-coated paper for 1.96g/m2.

The Morphology of SiOx Coated PET Film by Ultrasonic Atomic Force Microscopy and Barrier Properties

2011 ◽  
Vol 295-297 ◽  
pp. 1600-1605
Author(s):  
Gai Mei Zhang ◽  
Qiang Chen ◽  
Cun Fu He ◽  
Shou Ye Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Rf Plasma ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Transmission Rate ◽  
Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene ◽  
Stretching Vibration ◽  
Pet Film

The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of SiOx coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) affected by fine defects is discussed in this paper. With an ultrasonic AFM (UAFM), which is an advantageous to distinguishing tiny defects on/ in the deposited films, it is found that the OTR of the coated films is relevant to the morphology scanned by UAFM. Herein SiOx layers with a thickness in the order of nano-scale were fabricated in 13.56 MHz-radio frequency (RF) -plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The monomer for the coating fabrication is hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO). Fourier transform inferred (FTIR) spectra of the deposited coating with a strong peak at 1062 cm-1, corresponding to Si-O-Si stretching vibration, confirm the formation of SiOx coatings through PECVD. The higher OTR value of SiOx coated PET is consistence with defects on film surface and in the subsurface of coatings through UAFM. It obtains that the OTR value of the defect free SiOx coated film was reduced by ca. 89% compared with the defect existence SiOx coated PET.

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