scholarly journals The Effect of Stacking Sequence and Ply Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF)/Carbon Hybrid Laminate Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Mohd Khairul Rabani Hashim ◽  
Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid ◽  
Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir ◽  
Farizul Hafiz Kasim ◽  
Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Laminate Composites ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Hybrid Laminates ◽  
Flexural Tests ◽  
Infusion Technique ◽  
Ply Orientation ◽  
Hybrid Laminate

In this paper, the effects of stacking sequence and ply orientation on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF)/carbon hybrid laminate composites were investigated. The hybrid laminates were fabricated using a vacuum infusion technique in which the stacking sequences and ply orientations were varied, which were divided into the categories of cross-ply symmetric, angle-ply symmetric, and symmetric quasi-isotropic. The results of tensile and flexural tests showed that the laminate with interior carbon plies and ply orientation [0°, 90°] exhibited the highest tensile strength (187.67 MPa) and modulus (5.23 GPa). However, the highest flexural strength (289.46 MPa) and modulus (4.82 GPa) were recorded for the laminate with exterior carbon plies and the same ply orientation. The fracture behaviour of the laminates was determined by using scanning electron microscopy, and the results showed that failure usually initiated at the weakest PALF layer. The failure modes included fibre pull-out, fibre breaking, matrix crack, debonding, and delamination.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Resistance Spot Welded Martensitic Advanced High Strength Steel

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Yunzhao Li ◽  
Huaping Tang ◽  
Ruilin Lai
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Weld Nugget ◽  
Resistance Spot ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Cross Tension ◽  
Spot Welded

Resistance spot welded 1.2 mm (t)-thick 1400 MPa martensitic steel (MS1400) samples are fabricated and their microstructure, mechanical properties are investigated thoroughly. The mechanical performance and failure modes exhibit a strong dependence on weld-nugget size. The pull-out failure mode for MS1400 steel resistance spot welds does not follow the conventional weld-nugget size recommendation criteria of 4t0.5. Significant softening was observed due to dual phase microstructure of ferrite and martensite in the inter-critical heat affected zone (HAZ) and tempered martensite (TM) structure in sub-critical HAZ. However, the upper-critical HAZ exhibits obvious higher hardness than the nugget zone (NZ). In addition, the mechanical properties show that the cross-tension strength (CTS) is about one quarter of the tension-shear strength (TSS) of MS1400 weld joints, whilst the absorbed energy of cross-tension and tension-shear are almost identical.

Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Carbon-Flax-Glass Hybrid Composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dinesh ◽  
R. Asokan ◽  
S. Vignesh ◽  
Chitikena Phani Kumar ◽  
Rajulapati Ravichand
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Load ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Specific Strength ◽  
Hybrid Laminates ◽  
Fiber Materials

Over the years, application of composite materials has got wider. So there is a necessity for development of new materials to satisfy the environmental requirements. It is viable through the process of hybridization of natural fibers to synthetic fibers. This investigation is carried out to determine the tensile and flexural strength of hybrid composites with various fiber combinations and stacking sequence. Thus it is easy to identify the natural fiber hybrid combination with high mechanical properties under static and varying thermal load conditions. The various fiber materials are meticulously chosen and three conventional and six different hybrid laminates were fabricated with various stacking sequences of selected fibers using hand layup technique. The tensile and flexural properties are determined through mechanical testing and compared with conventional materials. The failure morphologies are captured and investigated with zoom optical cameras. On analyzing the results, it is observed that carbon-flax hybrid composites exhibit nearly equivalent specific strength at a reduced cost compared to the carbon/glass fiber hybrid composites and also the effect of the stacking sequence in mechanical properties is elucidated through this study. Varying thermal load analysis reveals that there is a considerable loss in mechanical properties due to thermal exposure.

Tensile behaviour of hybrid fibre architectures of randomly oriented strands combined with laminate groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (26-27) ◽  
pp. 3725-3740
Author(s):  
Swaroop B Visweswaraiah ◽  
Larry Lessard ◽  
Pascal Hubert
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Tensile Failure ◽  
Tensile Behaviour ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Matrix System ◽  
Positive Deviation ◽  
Hybrid Fibre ◽  
Hybrid Specimen ◽  
Aluminum 7075

In this work, the tensile behaviour of co-moulded hybrid fibre architectures of randomly oriented strands (carbon/PEEK) combined with laminate groups (cross-ply, angle-ply and quasi-isotropic) is studied. The effects of varying the thickness of the laminate group relative to that of randomly oriented strands, stacking sequence of the architectures within a hybrid specimen, and the ply stacking sequences within the laminate group are quantified. Processing benefits of hybridization such as reduction in warpage and strand waviness are discussed. The tensile behaviour of hybrid fibre architectures is quantified and compared with that of randomly oriented strand specimens, base laminate groups and aluminum 7075. In addition, tensile failure modes have been investigated. Significant improvements in the mechanical properties of randomly oriented strands are observed with small proportions of laminate groups in the specimen. In addition, hybrid fibre architectures exhibit a positive synergy or a positive deviation from the rule-of-mixtures in the overall stiffness and strength behaviour when stacked in specific configurations, despite the same fundamental fibre type and matrix system.

Effect of stacking sequence and porosity on creep behavior of glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy hybrid laminate composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heitor Luiz Ornaghi ◽  
Francisco Maciel Monticeli ◽  
Roberta Motta Neves ◽  
Ademir José Zattera ◽  
Maria Odila Hilário Cioffi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creep Behavior ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Laminate Composites ◽  
Hybrid Laminate

scholarly journals Effect of Hybridization on the Mechanical Properties of Chopped Strand Mat/Pineapple Leaf Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 01006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhas Yeshwant Nayak ◽  
Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka ◽  
Nishank Minil Amin ◽  
Ramakrishna Vikas Sadanand ◽  
Linto George Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Chopped Strand Mat ◽  
Hybrid Laminate

Hybridization of synthetic and natural fibres as reinforcement makes the polymer composites environmental friendly and sustainable when compared to synthetic fibres based polymer composites. In this study chopped strand mat/pineapple leaf fibres were hybridized. Four laminates with six layers each, with different stack sequence (GGGGGG, GPPPPG, PGGGGP and PPPPPP) were fabricated using hand layup technique while maintaining a fibre to matrix ratio of 30:70 by weight with polyester resin as matrix. Mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strength were determined and morphology of fractured specimens was studied. Maximum tensile strength of 180 MPa was obtained for the laminate with six layers of chopped strand mat followed by hybrid laminate with four layers of chopped strand mat at the centre (120 MPa). Tensile strength of hybrid laminate with four layers of pineapple leaf fibres at the centre was in third position at 86 MPa. Least tensile strength of 65 MPa was obtained for the laminate with six layers of pineapple leaf fibres. Similar trend was observed in case of flexural behaviour of the laminates with maximum flexural strength of 255 MPa and minimum flexural strength 107 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured specimen reinforced with chopped strand mat only, indicated, fibre pull out, matrix cracking and lack of matrix adhesion to fibres. In case of hybrid composite (GPPPPG and PGGGGP) delamination was observed to be prominent due to improper wetting of the pineapple leaf fibres with the matrix. More significant delamination led to lesser strength in case of pineapple fibres reinforced composites even though the fibre pull out was relatively less.

Progressive Failure Monitoring of Fiber-Reinforced Metal Laminate Composites Using a Nondestructive Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami Carmi ◽  
Brian Wisner ◽  
Prashanth A. Vanniamparambil ◽  
Jefferson Cuadra ◽  
Arie Bussiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Progressive Failure ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Laminate Composites ◽  
Material State ◽  
Failure Monitoring

Fiber-reinforced metal laminate (FRML) composites are currently used as a structural material in the aerospace industry. A common FRML, glass layered aluminum reinforced epoxy (Glare), possesses a set of mechanical properties which was achieved by designing its layup structure to combine metal alloy and fiber-reinforced polymer phases. Beyond static and dynamic mechanical properties at the material characterization phase, however, the need exists to develop methods that could assess the evolving material state of Glare, especially in a progressive failure context. This paper presents a nondestructive approach to monitor the damage at the material scale and combine such information with characterization and postmortem evaluation methods, as well as data postprocessing to provide an assessment of the failure process during monotonic loading conditions. The approach is based on multiscale sensing using the acoustic emission (AE) method, which was augmented in this paper in two ways. First, by applying it to all material components separately in addition to actual Glare specimens. Second, by performing testing and evaluation at both the laboratory scale as well as at the scale defined inside the scanning electron microscopy. Such elaborate testing and nondestructive evaluation results provided the basis for the application of digital signal processing and machine learning methods which were capable to identify data trends that are shown to be correlated with the evolution of failure modes in Glare.

scholarly journals The Effect of Stacking Sequence on Fatigue Behaviour of Hybrid Pineapple Leaf Fibre/Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3936
Author(s):  
Mohd Khairul Rabani Hashim ◽  
Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid ◽  
Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir ◽  
Farizul Hafiz Kasim ◽  
Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Tensile Load ◽  
Fatigue Behaviour ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Matrix Cracking ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Fibre Breakage ◽  
Pull Out

This study examined the fatigue behaviour of pineapple leaf fibre/carbon hybrid laminate composites under various stacking sequences. The vacuum infusion technique was used to fabricate the symmetric quasi-isotropic oriented laminates, in which the stacking was varied. The laminate was tested under static and fatigue tensile load according to ASTM D3039-76 and ASTM D3479-96, respectively. Maximum tensile strength and modulus of 119.34 MPa and 6.86 GPa, respectively, were recorded for the laminate with external PALF ply and internal carbon ply oriented at [± 45°2, 0°/90°2]s (PCCP_45090). The fatigue tests showed that PCCP_45090 and CPPC_09045 (with internal PALF ply and external carbon ply oriented at [0°/90°2, ± 45°2]s) exhibited a higher useful life, especially at the high-stress level of the ultimate tensile strength. The normalised stress against the number of cycles showed that the stacking sequences of different ply orientations affected the fatigue behaviour more than the stacking sequences of the material. The laminate stacking sequence significantly affected the hysteresis energy and stiffness evolution. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that the fatigue failure modes included fibre pull-out, fibre breakage, matrix cracking, debonding, and delamination. The study concluded that PCCP_45090 exhibited an outstanding fatigue performance.

Mechanical characterization of hybrid composites based on flax, basalt and glass fibers

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (27) ◽  
pp. 4185-4205 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Abd El-baky ◽  
MA Attia ◽  
MM Abdelhaleem ◽  
MA Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Hybrid Laminates ◽  
Flexural Resistance

An experimental study on tensile, flexural and impact properties of flax-basalt-glass reinforced epoxy hybrid composites is presented in this paper. Test specimens were fabricated by vacuum bagging process. The effects of reinforcement hybridization, fiber relative amounts and stacking sequence on the mechanical properties were investigated. Morphological studies of the fabricated and fractured surfaces through thickness were performed using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the developed hybrid composites display enhanced tensile, flexural and impact performance as compared with flax reinforced epoxy composite. The flexural strength increases when partial laminas from flax/epoxy laminate are replaced by basalt/epoxy and/or glass/epoxy laminas. Also, it is realized that incorporating high-strength fibers, i.e. glass or basalt, to the outer layers of the composite leads to higher flexural resistance, whilst the opposite was noticed for tensile properties. The fabricated hybrids were found to have economical and specific mechanical properties benefits. Fiber-relative amounts and stacking sequence have great effects on the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of hybrid laminates are proven to be highly dependent on the position of the flax layers within the hybrid composite. The Hybridization with basalt and/or glass fibers is an effective method for enhancing the mechanical properties of flax/epoxy composites.

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