scholarly journals Synergistic and Regulatable Bioremediation Capsules Fabrication Based on Vapor-Phased Encapsulation of Bacillus Bacteria and its Regulator by Poly-p-Xylylene

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Yen-Ching Yang ◽  
Wei-Shen Huang ◽  
Shu-Man Hu ◽  
Chao-Wei Huang ◽  
Chih-Hao Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Encapsulation Process ◽  
Enzyme Functions

A regulatable bioremediation capsule material was synthesized with isolated single-strain bacteria (Bacillus species, B. CMC1) and a regulator molecule (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) by a vapor-phased encapsulation method with simple steps of water sublimation and poly-p-xylylene deposition in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Mechanically, the capsule construct exhibited a controllable shape and dimensions, and was composed of highly biocompatible poly-p-xylylene as the matrix with homogeneously distributed bacteria and CMC molecules. Versatility of the encapsulation of the molecules at the desired concentrations was achieved in the vapor-phased sublimation and deposition fabrication process. The discovery of the fabricated capsule revealed that viable living B. CMC1 inhabited the capsule, and the capsule enhanced bacterial growth due to the materials and process used. Biologically, the encapsulated B. CMC1 demonstrated viable and functional enzyme activity for cellulase activation, and such activity was regulatable and proportional to the concentration of the decorated CMC molecules in the same capsule construct. Impressively, 13% of cellulase activity increase was realized by encapsulation of B. CMC1 by poly-p-xylylene, and a further 34% of cellulase activity increase was achieved by encapsulation of additional 2.5% CMC. Accordingly, this synergistic effectiveness of the capsule constructs was established by combining enzymatic B. CMC1 bacteria and its regulatory CMC by poly-p-xylylene encapsulation process. This reported encapsulation process exhibited other advantages, including the use of simple steps and a dry and clean process free of harmful chemicals; most importantly, the process is scalable for mass production. The present study represents a novel method to fabricate bacteria-encapsulated capsule for cellulose degradation in bioremediation that can be used in various applications, such as wastewater treatment and transforming of cellulose into glucose for biofuel production. Moreover, the concept of this vapor-phased encapsulation technology can be correspondingly used to encapsulate multiple bacteria and regulators to enhance the specific enzyme functions for degradation of various organic matters.

Cellulolytic activity in municipal solid waste composting

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Stutzenberger ◽  
A. J. Kaufman ◽  
R. D. Lossin
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Cellulose Decomposition ◽  
Ph Values

A study was made of the open windrow method of municipal solid waste composting as related to those factors that might influence cellulose decomposition. Composting temperatures reached a maximum (55–65 °C) at 3 weeks and then gradually decreased during the rest of the 49-day process. The pH values of compost samples homogenized in distilled water decreased slightly during the initial stages of the process and then increased gradually to final values of 7.0–8.5. Clarified compost extracts were assayed for cellulase activity by measuring the hydrolysis rate of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Maximal cellulase activity occurred at 65 °C, pH 6.0, with a CMC concentration of 2.5%. The cellulase activity of compost increased 10-fold at a logarithmic rate while the cellulose content decreased 50%. In a preliminary search for microorganisms active in cellulose degradation during the composting process, three cellulolytic species were isolated; these were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, a Bacillus species, and a Thermoactinomyces species of the Actinobifida group.

P. vortex-mediated strategies for polysaccharides decomposition

TECHNOLOGY ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 03 (02n03) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Mark Polikovsky ◽  
Eshel Ben-Jacob ◽  
Alin Finkelshtein
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Products ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Cellulose Hydrolysis ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Textile Manufacture ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
The Relationship

Cellulose hydrolysis has many industrial applications such as biofuel production, food, paper and textile manufacture. Here, we present a novel approach to cellulose hydrolysis using a consortium of motile bacteria, Paenibacillus vortex, that can swarm on solid medium carrying a non-motile recombinant E. coli cargo strain expressing the β-glucosidase and cellulase genes that facilitate the hydrolysis of cellulose. These two species cooperate; the relationship is mutually beneficial: the E. coli is dispersed over long distances, while the P. vortex bacteria gain from the supply of cellulose degradation products. This enables the use of such consortia in this area of biotechnology.

scholarly journals The Socioeconomic Bases of Biofuels Production Business at the Organizational Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (520) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
R. V. Lohosha ◽  
◽  
I. A. Semchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
The One

The article is aimed at defining the priorities for the development of the biofuel market in Ukraine to ensure the energy security of the country and satisfy the country’s energy needs. Prospects for the bioenergy sector of the economy in the world will be determined primarily by the optimization of national policies in the matrix of multifarious criteria. The place of the Ukrainian model is highly likely to be determined, on the one hand, by the development of the national market, on the other hand, by the production of raw materials for world biofuel markets. At the same time, this market and production in Ukraine remains only a potentially promising model that requires a scientific substantiation for its efficiency. As a result of the study, it is specified that the bioenergy industry has serious limitations and problems of economic nature that require scientific substantiation. After analyzing the limitations and prospects of the industry development in Ukraine at the level of agricultural enterprises that could deploy biofuel production, it should be emphasized that: 1) there is currently no biofuel market in Ukraine: there is no significant production, hence the proposal still remains unformed; there are no agents (firms, enterprises) of the market that would form the established demand; the necessary norms, institutions, mechanisms of the representative market have not been developed; 2) there is no successful experience of such a business both in Ukraine in general and in agricultural enterprises in particular. From here, as well as taking into account the above-mentioned aspects, the attractiveness of this business, including investment, needs to be justified. Enterprises of this group will face funding problems, as well as technical and technological support problems. Therefore, special careful economic substantiation of the market efficiency model and business processes is required; 3) because of these reasons, the task of scientific substantiation of the model of efficient management of this business becomes highly topical.

Characterization of the SiCf/SiC Composite Fabricated by the Whisker Growing Assisted CVI Process

2005 ◽  
Vol 287 ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Yeon Park ◽  
S.M. Kang ◽  
Weon Ju Kim ◽  
Woo Seog Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Pyrolytic Carbon ◽  
Chemical Vapor Infiltration ◽  
Interlayer Thickness ◽  
Filling Time ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Sic Whiskers

To obtain a dense SiCf/SiC composite by the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process, whisker growing before matrix filling was applied, which is called the whisker growing assisted CVI process. The whisker growing and matrix filling processes were carried out using MTS (CH3SiCl3) and H2 as source and diluent gases, respectively. Tyranno-SATM was used as a reinforced substrate. Characterizations of SiC whisker grown during the in situ whisker growing process have been investigated. The weight gain rates with the matrix filling time and the density of composites was measured. The flexural strength with the thickness of the pyrolytic carbon (PyC) interlayers has been evaluated. b-SiC whiskers with many stacking faults were grown well in the Tyranno SATM fabrics. Tyranno-SA/SiC composite with a PyC interlayer thickness of 150 nm had a flexural strength of 610 MPa and the density of 2.71 g/cm3.

scholarly journals Vapor-Stripping and Encapsulating to Construct Particles with Time-Controlled Asymmetry and Anisotropy

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1248
Author(s):  
Ting-Ying Wu ◽  
Chendi Gao ◽  
Man-Chen Huang ◽  
Zhi Zhang ◽  
Peng-Yuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Hybrid Material ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Soybean Agglutinin ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Template Substrate ◽  
Timing Parameter

An innovative chemical vapor sublimation and deposition (CVSD) process was shown to produce nanoscale anisotropic hybrid materials. Taking advantage of controlled thermodynamic properties and the mass transfer of molecules, this process allowed for water vapor sublimation from an iced template/substrate and stagewise vapor deposition of poly-p-xylylene onto the sublimating ice substrate. In this study, the use of sensitive soybean agglutinin (SBA) protein tubes was demonstrated as an example to prepare the anisotropic hybrid material based on the CVSD process. The rationale of a timing parameter, Δt, was controlled to program the sublimation of the SBA-ice templates and the deposition of poly-p-xylylene during the CVSD process. As a result of this control, a stripping stage occurred, during which SBA tubes were exposed on the particle surface, and a subsequent encapsulation stage enabled the transformation of the ice templates into a nanometer-sized anisotropic hybrid material of poly-p-xylylene as the matrix with encapsulated SBA tubes. The timing parameter Δt and the controlled stripping and encapsulating stages during CVSD represent a straightforward and intriguing mechanism stemming from physical chemistry fundamentals for the fabrication of hybrid materials from sensitive molecules and with predetermined sizes and asymmetrical shapes. A simulation analysis showed consistency with the experimental results and controllability of the timing mechanism with predictable particle sizes.

316L Stainless Steel Sensitization in Carbon Nanotube CVD Growth for Bacterial Resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sterling Voss ◽  
Bret Mecham ◽  
Lucy Bowden ◽  
Jacquelyn Monroe ◽  
Anton E. Bowden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Chromium Carbide ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Carbide Formation ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
The Matrix

Abstract Physically altering the micro-topography of a surface can dramatically affect its capacity to support or prevent biofilm growth. Growing carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes on biomedical materials is one such approach which has proven effective. Unfortunately, the high temperature and carbon-rich gas exposure required for this procedure has proven to have deleterious effects. This paper proposes a kinetic model to explain the rusting phenomenon observed on 316L stainless steel substrates which have undergone the chemical vapor deposition process to grow carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes. The model is derived from Fick’s Second Law, and predicts the growth of chromium carbide as a function of temperature and time. Chromium carbide formation is shown to be the mechanism of corrosion, as chromium atoms are leeched from the the matrix, preventing the formation of a passivating chromium oxide layer in place of problematic iron oxide (rust) formation. The model is validated using experimental methods, which involve immersion in bacteria culture, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

scholarly journals Heterotrimeric G-Protein Signaling Is Required for Cellulose Degradation in Neurospora crassa

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan A. Collier ◽  
Arit Ghosh ◽  
Katherine A. Borkovich
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Camp Signaling ◽  
G Protein Signaling ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Posttranscriptional Control ◽  
Heterotrimeric G Protein Signaling

ABSTRACT The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa decomposes lignocellulosic biomass to generate soluble sugars as carbon sources. In this study, we investigated a role for heterotrimeric G-protein signaling in cellulose degradation. Loss of the Gα subunit genes gna-1 and gna-3, the Gβ subunit genes gnb-1 and cpc-2, the Gγ gene gng-1, or the gene for downstream effector adenylyl cyclase (cr-1) resulted in loss of detectable cellulase activity. This defect was also observed in strains expressing a constitutively active version of gna-3 (gna-3Q208L). We found that GNA-1 levels are greatly reduced in Δgna-3, Δgnb-1, and Δgng-1 strains, likely contributing to cellulase defects in these genetic backgrounds. The observation that gna-3Q208L Δgnb-1 strains exhibit cellulase activity, despite greatly reduced levels of GNA-1 protein, is consistent with positive control of cellulase production by GNA-3 that is manifested in the absence of gnb-1. Expression patterns for five cellulase genes showed that Δgna-1, Δgnb-1, and Δgna-3 mutants produce less cellulase mRNA than the wild type, consistent with transcriptional regulation. Δcpc-2 mutants had wild-type levels of cellulase transcripts, suggesting posttranscriptional control. In contrast, results for Δcr-1 mutants support both transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of cellulase activity by cAMP signaling. Cellulase activity defects in Δgna-3 mutants were fully remediated by cAMP supplementation, consistent with GNA-3 operating upstream of cAMP signaling. In contrast, cAMP addition only partially corrected cellulase activity defects in Δgna-1 and Δgnb-1 mutants, suggesting participation of GNA-1 and GNB-1 in additional cAMP-independent pathways that control cellulase activity. IMPORTANCE Filamentous fungi are critical for the recycling of plant litter in the biosphere by degrading lignocellulosic biomass into simpler compounds for metabolism. Both saprophytic and pathogenic fungi utilize plant cell wall-degrading enzymes to liberate carbon for metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated a role for cellulase enzymes during infection of economically relevant crops by fungal pathogens. Especially in developing countries, severe plant disease means loss of entire crops, sometimes leading to starvation. In this study, we demonstrate that G-protein signaling is a key component of cellulase production. Therefore, understanding the role of G-protein signaling in the regulation of the unique metabolism of cellulose by these organisms can inform innovations in strain engineering of industrially relevant species for biofuel production and in combatting food shortages caused by plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Promotion of Biogasification Efficiency by Pretreatment and Bioaugmentation of Corn Straw with Microbial Consortium

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 01032
Author(s):  
Qili Zhu ◽  
Yanwei Wang ◽  
Furong Tan ◽  
Bo Wu ◽  
Lichun Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Structure Characteristics ◽  
Anaerobic Microbial Consortium

To better understand the comparative effects between pretreatment and bioaugmentation methods on the promotion of corn straw biogasification efficiency, we analysed the cellulase activity, cellulose degradation rate, surface structure characteristics, and biogas production of corn straw that had been pretreated with aerobic microbial consortium (AMC). In addition, we also studied the effect of bioaugmentation using anaerobic microbial consortium (ANMC) on corn straw biogasification efficiency. The results from our study demonstrated that the cumulative methane generated from AMC and ANMC were 233.09 mL·g-1 VS and 242.56 mL·g-1 VS, which was increased compared to the control by 6.89% and 11.23%, respectively. We also observed that ANMC could also function to dramatically promote methane content during the anaerobic digestion of corn straw. This study demonstrated that AMC and ANMC were both able to promote the biogasification efficiency of corn straw, however, ANMC was found to perform better compared to AMC.

Preparation of Plate-Like Bulk Beta Iron-Disilicide Crystals Using Metal to Semiconductor Phase Transition by Heat Treatment

2002 ◽  
Vol 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Osamura ◽  
Hidetaka Ishihara ◽  
Zhengxin Liu ◽  
Hisao Tanoue ◽  
Shirou. Sakuragi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Chemical Vapor Transport ◽  
Annealing Duration ◽  
Bulk Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Micro Analysis

ABSTRACTPlate-like β-FeSi2 bulk crystals with size of 10×10 mm2 and thickness of 1 mm were fabricated by annealing CVT (chemical vapor transport)-grown plate-like α-Fe2Si5 at 800°C in Ar atmosphere. Before annealing, α-Fe2Si5 crystals were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to be single crystals with flat surfaces. XRD measurements of β-FeSi2 crystals subjected to annealing showed that they had a po lycrystalline structure. The mean Fe/Si co mposit ion rat io of β-FeSi2 crystal measured by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was 31/69 and it was the same as that of α-Fe2Si5 bulk crystal before annealing. SEM, Raman scattering and electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) measurements identified that there existed small Si precipitates mixed in the matrix of β-FeSi2 crystals. At annealing temperature of 800°C, the plate-like β-FeSi2 bulk was obtained even the annealing duration time was as short as 5 hours.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of SiC-SiC Composites Made With CVR SiC Fibers

1995 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kowbel ◽  
H. T. Tsou ◽  
C. A. Bruce ◽  
J. C. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Sic Composites ◽  
Sic Reinforcement ◽  
Polymer Infiltration ◽  
Strength Retention ◽  
Graphite Fabric

ABSTRACTNicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention and dimensional change at high temperatures of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufacturing processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a SiC reinforcement based upon the conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chemical Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. These new SiC filaments exhibit excellent creep resistance at temperatures up to 1600°C. SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using different types of graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a polycarbosilane (PCS) infiltration and CVI densification. In addition, enhancement of the composite through-the-thickness thermal conductivity was accomplished via boron doping of the matrix. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites will be presented.

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