scholarly journals Pyrolysis for Nylon 6 Monomer Recovery from Teabag Waste

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soosan Kim ◽  
Nahyeon Lee ◽  
Jechan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Nylon 6 ◽  
Pyrolytic Products ◽  
Combustible Gases ◽  
Pyrolysis Processes

In this work, we used pyrolysis to treat teabag waste (TBW). Changes in the pyrolysis temperature affected the composition and yield of the products. For example, more non-condensable gases and less char were produced with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature. Pyrolysis conducted under a nitrogen environment yielded caprolactam at temperatures between 400 and 700 °C. An increase in the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 500 °C increased the caprolactam yield from 3.1 to 6.2 wt.%. At 700 °C, the yield decreased to 4.6 wt.%. The highest caprolactam yield (i.e., 6.2 wt.% at 500 °C) was equivalent to 59.2 wt.% on the basis of the weight of the non-biomass part of the TBW. The pyrolytic products other than caprolactam (e.g., combustible gases, pyrolytic liquid, and char) can function as fuels to supply energy during pyrolysis in order to increase and maintain the temperature. The higher heating values (HHVs) of the combustible gases and pyrolytic liquid produced at 500 °C were 7.7 and 8.3 MJ kg−1, respectively. The HHV of the char produced at 500 °C was 23 MJ kg−1, which is comparable to the HHV of coal. This work will help to develop effective pyrolysis processes to valorize everyday waste by recovering value-added chemicals such as polymer monomers and by producing alternative fuels.

scholarly journals Tailoring the Stabilization and Pyrolysis Processes of Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane Derived from Polyacrylonitrile for Ethylene/Ethane Separation

Membranes ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
DaeHun Kim ◽  
YongSung Kwon ◽  
Jung-Hyun Lee ◽  
Seong-Joong Kim ◽  
You-In Park
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Sieve ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Carbon Molecular Sieve ◽  
Alumina Support ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Polymer Precursors ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Excellent Thermal Property ◽  
Pyrolysis Processes

For ethylene/ethane separation, a CMS (carbon molecular sieve) membrane was developed with a PAN (polyacrylonitrile) polymer precursor on an alumina support. To provide an excellent thermal property to PAN precursor prior to the pyrolysis, the stabilization as a pre-treatment process was carried out. Tuning the stabilization condition was very important to successfully preparing the CMS membrane derived from the PAN precursor. The stabilization and pyrolysis processes for the PAN precursor were finely tuned, and optimized in terms of stabilization temperature and time, as well as pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and soaking time. The PAN stabilized at >250 °C showed improved thermal stability and carbon yield. The CMS membrane derived from stabilized PAN showed reasonable separation performance for ethylene permeance (0.71 GPU) and ethylene/ethane selectivity (7.62), respectively. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature and soaking time gave rise to an increase in the gas permeance, and a reduction in the membrane selectivity. This trend was opposite to that for the CMS membranes derived from other polymer precursors. The optimized separation performance (ethylene permeance of 2.97 GPU and ethylene/ethane selectivity of 7.25) could be achieved at the pyrolysis temperature of 650 °C with a soaking time of 1 h. The separation performance of the CMS membrane derived from the PAN precursor was comparable to that of other polymer precursors, and surpassed them regarding the upper bound trade off.

scholarly journals Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Product Distribution and Characteristics of Anaerobic Sludge

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Hanif ◽  
Mohammed Zwawi ◽  
Sergio C. Capareda ◽  
Hamid Iqbal ◽  
Mohammed Algarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Combustible Gases

Pyrolysis of anaerobically digested sludge can serve as an efficient biomass for biofuel production. Pyrolysis produces products like char, bio-oil, and combustible gases by thermochemical conversion process. It can be used for sludge treatment that decreases sludge disposal problems. Sludge produced from anaerobic co-digestion (microalgae, cow dung, and paper) waste has high carbon and hydrogen content. We investigated the candidacy of the anaerobic sludge having high heating value (HHV) of 20.53 MJ/kg as a reliable biomass for biofuels production. The process of pyrolysis was optimized with different temperatures (400, 500, and 600 °C) to produce high quantity and improved quality of the products, mainly bio-oil, char, and gas. The results revealed that with the increase in pyrolysis temperature the quantity of char decreased (81% to 55%), bio-oil increased (3% to 7%), and gas increased (2% to 5%). The HHV of char (19.2 MJ/kg), bio-oil (28.1 MJ/kg), and gas (18.1 MJ/kg) were predominantly affected by the amount of fixed carbon, hydrocarbons, and volatile substance, respectively. The study confirmed that the anaerobic sludge is a promising biomass for biofuel production and pyrolysis is an efficient method for its safe disposal.

Pyrolysis of Delonix Regia and Characterization of Its Pyrolytic Products: Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harshal D. Kawale ◽  
Nanda Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Advanced Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Delonix Regia ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Abstract Pyrolysis of a rarely researched biomass feedstock, Delonix regia (DR), at different pyrolysis temperatures carried out in a tubular reactor at an atmospheric pressure of one bar. In addition to the fuel and physical properties of produced bio-oil and bio-char, extensive advanced characterization of these products, viz. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), GC-MS, proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. is also performed as applicable to different products. The main emphasis of this work is on both quantitative and qualitative analysis of pyrolytic bio-oil and bio-char obtained from DR at 500–700 °C. In this range of temperature, higher heating value (HHV) of bio-oil found to be varying between 20.88 MJ/kg and 25.70 MJ/kg following increasing trend with the temperature. However, HHV of bio-char observed to be almost unaffected by pyrolysis temperature, and it is approximately 36 MJ/kg. The density of bio-oil found to be decreasing from 0.95 g/cc to 0.88 g/cc as the pyrolysis temperature increases from 500 to 700 °C; however, pH is found to be almost unaffected by the pyrolysis temperature changing only slightly from 3.4 to 3.3. Furthermore, the moisture content of bio-oil is also found to be unaffected by the temperature variations. From the GC-MS chromatograms of bio-oils, it is found that benzene is highest area % (with 14.6%) and phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy is the second-highest area % occupying component (with 10.5%) in bio-oil obtained at 600 °C of pyrolysis temperature. This result indicates that the DR feedstock is also an excellent resource for producing value-added green chemicals.

scholarly journals Advancements in Catalytic Conversion of Biomass into Biofuels and Chemicals

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5438
Author(s):  
Chang Geun Yoo ◽  
Tae Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Earth Abundant ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Value Added Products

The shortage of resources and increasing climate changes have brought the need for sustainable and renewable resources to people’s attention. Biomass is an earth-abundant material and has great potential as a feedstock for alternative fuels and chemicals. For the effective utilization of biomass, this biopolymer has to be depolymerized and transformed into key building blocks and/or the targeted products, and biological or chemical catalysts are commonly used for the rapid and energy-efficient reactions. This Special Issue introduces recent advances in the catalytic conversion of biomass into biofuels and value-added products.

Emerging Strategies in Mileage-Based User Fees

2013 ◽  
Vol 2345 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Sorensen ◽  
Liisa Ecola ◽  
Martin Wachs
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Value Added ◽  
User Fees ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Excise Taxes ◽  
Fuel Taxes

Inflation and improved fuel economy have undermined revenue from federal and state excise taxes on gasoline and diesel; this situation has made it challenging to maintain and expand the nation's road network. With more stringent federal fuel economy standards and the emergence of alternative fuels threatening to accelerate this problem in future years, policymakers have begun to explore mileage-based user fees as a long-term replacement for fuel taxes. Unaffected by fuel type or fuel economy, mileage fees would provide more sustainable revenue, and the system could be structured to promote more efficient use of the roads, offer value-added motorist services, and collect travel data to support better network planning and operations. Mileage fees will likely cost more to administer than will fuel taxes, however, and the concept faces acceptance challenges related to privacy protection and other concerns. These obstacles in turn have spurred great innovation. On the basis of recent studies, trials, and implementation efforts, this paper presents a review of promising mileage-fee design and implementation strategies intended to reduce system costs and foster greater public acceptance.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis behaviors, kinetics, and byproducts of enzymatic hydrolysis residues for lignocellulosic biorefining

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2626-2643
Author(s):  
Rongwen Zhao ◽  
Zhongyang Liu ◽  
Tongjun Liu ◽  
Liping Tan
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Rapid Pyrolysis

Enzymatic hydrolysis residues (EHR) are the solid wastes from enzymatic hydrolysis and/or fermentation of the cellulosic bioethanol industry. These byproducts have not been effectively used. Thermogravimetric analysis with infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were used to quantify the pyrolytic bioenergy potential of EHR with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) and bisulfite (BSF) pretreatment through assessing their pyrolysis behaviors, kinetics, and byproducts. The TG-IR analysis showed that the EHR pyrolysis temperature range was 180 °C to 620 °C and consisted of three consecutive stages: dehydration, rapid pyrolysis, and carbonization. The main volatile products evolved from the EHR pyrolysis were CO, CO2, H2O, and CH4. Fast pyrolysis results from Py-GC/MS indicated that the main pyrolytic byproducts of EHR were phenols (30.68%), furans (14.27%), and acids (8.52%) for AHP-EHR; and phenols (26.75%), furans (15.54%), and acids (10.33%) for BSF-EHR. The results provide insights for expanding the potential of bioenergy and increasing the value-added byproducts based on the biomass part of EHR.

scholarly journals Using an the intelligent self-modifier of probability of section approach to study the revenue influence of the pricing scheme of recyclable items in a green vehicle routing problem

SIMULATION ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
VR Ghezavati ◽  
A Sahihi ◽  
A Barzegar
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Routing ◽  
Heuristic Algorithm ◽  
Vehicle Routing Problem ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Proper Formulation

In this article, a hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm is applied to solve a green vehicle routing problem with respect to economic aspects. In this research, a transportation model will be studied in which the fleet operates with eco-friendly fuels in order to collect used products in different nodes. By implementing value-added processes, the firm can sell products and gain profit. However, using alternative fuels causes some limitations because of lack of alternative fuel stations. These limitations usually affect the travel distance range of vehicles and, consecutively, route selection to serve desired customers. A proper formulation for this type of problem could be applicable to manage imposed costs of transportation pertaining to alternative fuels and related issues. To reach this goal, the proposed model represents the revenue and purchasing price of used products in the output. These results are attained by using an improved Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm. The self-modifier of probability of section approach (SMPSA) featured with a SA algorithm can solve the model in less time compared with the classic SA algorithm. In addition, a heuristic algorithm is used to generate each initial solution with higher quality. Finally, the results and running time of the proposed algorithm are compared with the exact method and the SA algorithm without the SMPSA. Then the results are discussed.

scholarly journals IMPROVING BIO-OIL QUALITY VIA CO-PYROLYSIS EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES AND POLYPROPILEN PLASTIC WASTE

Konversi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunarno Sunarno ◽  
Alfi Randi ◽  
Panca Setia Utama ◽  
Silvia Reni Yenti ◽  
Wisrayetti Wisrayetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Bio Oil

The current consumption of fuel oil, especially gasoline and diesel oil, is increasing. Along with the decline in production, national oil production activities encourage efforts to find alternative fuels as a substitute for oil-based energy supplies. Bio-oil is an environmentally friendly alternative fuel for diesel that can be used as fuel. In this study, the raw materials were palm oil empty bunches and polypropylene plastic waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ratio of raw material for oil palm empty fruit bunches and polypropylene, the effect of co-pyrolysis temperature on the yield of bio-oil and determine the characteristics of the resulting bio-oil. This study used the variable ratio of oil palm empty fruit bunches and polypropylene (100:0, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40) and co-pyrolysis temperature (400, 450, 500 and 550 °C). The results showed that the highest yield of bio-oil was obtained, namely 41.6% with a ratio of EFB: PP (80:20) at temperature of 450 °C. The characterization of the product obtained was density of 0.891 g/ml,  viscosity of 4.18 cSt,  pH of 3.38 and  calorific value of 43.2 MJ/kg.

Sustainable Recycle Solid Waste to Synthetic Renewable Solid Energy

2014 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Noor Shawal Nasri ◽  
Husna Mohd. Zain ◽  
Jibril Mohammed ◽  
Usman Dadum Hamza ◽  
Murtala Musa Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Value Determination ◽  
Tga Analysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Processes

Renewable energy is a source of energy that can be recovered and recycled. The recyclable material is removed first before energy is recovered from the residual waste. In this study, the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the calorific value of sustainable materials and gas emission quality were carried out. Pyrolysis and non-pyrolysis processes were initially conducted before calorific value determination. Calorific values of the samples were measured by bomb calorimeter. The sample that contains the highest calorific value was chosen and compared with coal. Testing of the prepared samples was accomplished using combustion process. The characterizations of the samples were determined by TGA analysis, SEM, FTIR and elemental analysis. From the results obtained, it is observed that the calorific value of sustainable material depends on the number of hydrogen, carbon and thermal energy.

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