scholarly journals Synthesis of Poly(2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid) and its Block Copolymers with Methyl Methacrylate and 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate by Quasiliving Radical Polymerization Catalyzed by a Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complex

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Martínez-Cornejo ◽  
Joaquin Velázquez-Roblero ◽  
Veronica Rosiles-González ◽  
Monica Correa-Duran ◽  
Alejandro Avila-Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Membrane

The first example of quasiliving radical polymerization and copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) without previous protection of its strong acid groups catalyzed by [Ru(o-C6H4-2-py)(phen)(MeCN)2]PF6 complex is reported. Nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) confirmed the diblock structure of the sulfonated copolymers. The poly(2-acryloamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PAMPS-b-PMMA) and poly(2-acryloamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid)-b-poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PAMPS-b-PHEMA) copolymers obtained are highly soluble in organic solvents and present good film-forming ability. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) of the copolymer membranes is reported. PAMPS-b-PHEMA presents the highest IEC value (3.35 mmol H+/g), but previous crosslinking of the membrane was necessary to prevent it from dissolving in aqueous solution. PAMPS-b-PMMA exhibited IEC values in the range of 0.58–1.21 mmol H+/g and it was soluble in methanol and dichloromethane and insoluble in water. These results are well correlated with both the increase in molar composition of PAMPS and the second block included in the copolymer. Thus, the proper combination of PAMPS block copolymer with hydrophilic or hydrophobic monomers will allow fine-tuning of the physical properties of the materials and may lead to many potential applications, such as polyelectrolyte membrane fuel cells or catalytic membranes for biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Block Copolymer by Redox Polymerization and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melahat Göktaş ◽  
Guodong Deng
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Redox Polymerization

Poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) [PMMA-b-PNIPAM] block copolymers were obtained by a combination of redox polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) methods in two steps. For this purpose, PMMA macroinitator (ATRP-macroinitiator) was synthesized by redox polymerization of methyl methacrylate and 3-bromo-1-propanol using Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6 as a catalyst. The synthesis of PMMA-b-PNIPAM block copolymers was carried out by means of ATRP of ATRP-macroinitiator and NIPAM at 60 °C. The block copolymers were obtained in high yield and high molecular weight. The characterization of products was accomplished by using multi instruments and methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis.

scholarly journals Enhanced and Tunable Electrorheological Capability using Surface Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Modification with Simultaneous Reduction of the Graphene Oxide by Silyl-Based Polymer Grafting

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Kutalkova ◽  
Miroslav Mrlik ◽  
Marketa Ilcikova ◽  
Josef Osicka ◽  
Michal Sedlacik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Polymer Grafting ◽  
Sedimentation Stability

In this study, a verified process of the "grafting from" approach using surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization was applied for the modification of a graphene oxide (GO) surface. This approach provides simultaneous grafting of poly(2-(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl methacrylate) (PHEMATMS) chains and a controllable reduction of the GO surface. This allows the fine tuning of its electrical conductivity, which is a crucial parameter for applications of such hybrid composite particles in electrorheological (ER) suspensions. The successful coating was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The molecular characteristics of PHEMATMS were characterized by gel permeation chromatography. ER performance was elucidated using a rotational rheometer under various electric field strengths and a dielectric spectroscopy to demonstrate the direct impact of both the relaxation time and dielectric relaxation strength on the ER effectivity. Enhanced compatibility between the silicone oil and polymer-modified GO particles was investigated using contact angle measurements and visual sedimentation stability determination. It was clearly proven that the modification of the GO surface improved the ER capability of the system due to the tunable conductivity during the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) process and the enhanced compatibility of the GO particles, modified by polymer containing silyl structures, with silicone oil. These unique ER properties of this system appear very promising for future applications in the design of ER suspensions.

Synthesis of Phosphonates via Michaelis-Arbuzov Reaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boppudi Hari Babu ◽  
Gandavaram Syam Prasad ◽  
Chamarthi Naga Raju ◽  
Mandava Venkata Basaveswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Arbuzov Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Synthetic Methodologies ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
The Arbuzov Reaction

Background: Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction has played a key role for the synthesis of dialkyl or diaryl phosphonates by reacting various alkyl or aryl halides with trialkyl or triaryl phosphite. This reaction is very versatile in the formation of P-C bond from the reaction of aliphatic halides with phosphinites or phosphites to yield phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides. The Arbuzov reaction developed some methodologies, possible mechanistic pathways, selectivity, potential applications and biologically active various phosphonates. Objective: The synthesis of phosphonates via Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction with many new and fascinating methodologies were developed and disclosed in the literature, and these are explored in this review. Conclusion: This review has discussed past developments and vast potential applications of Arbuzov reaction in the synthesis of organophosphonates. As presented in this review, various synthetic methodologies were developed to prepare a large variety of phosphonates. Improvements in the reaction conditions of Lewis-acid mediated Arbuzov rearrangement as well as the development of MW-assisted Arbuzov rearrangement were discussed. Finally, to achieve high selectivities and yields, fine-tuning of reaction conditions including solvent type, temperature, and optimal reaction times to be considered.

scholarly journals Deep Eutectic Solvents Based Choline Chloride for Enzymatic Biodiesel Production from Degumming Palm Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Manurung ◽  
Taslim ◽  
A.G.A. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Palm Oil Biodiesel

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have numerous potential applications as cosolvents. In this study, use of DES as organic solvents for enzymatic biodiesel production from degumming palm oil (DPO) was investigated. Deep eutectic solvent was synthesized using choline chloride salt (ChCl) compounds with glycerol and 1,2-propanediol. Deep eutectic solvent was characterized by viscosity, density, pH and freezing values, which were tested for effectiveness by enzymatic reactions for the production of palm biodiesel with raw materials DPO. Deep eutectic solvent of ChCl and glycerol produced the highest biodiesel yield (98.98%); weight of DES was only 0.5 % of that of the oil. In addition, the use of DES maintained the activity and stability of novozym enzymes, which was assessed as the yield until the 6th usage, which was 95.07 % biodiesel yield compared with the yield without using DES. Hence, using DES, glycerol in enzymatic biodiesel production had high potentiality as an organic solvent for palm oil biodiesel production

Synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(acrylic acid) by DPE method

e-Polymers ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Chen ◽  
Ruixue Liu ◽  
Zhifeng Fu ◽  
Yan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Diblock Copolymer ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer ◽  
Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Copolymer Poly ◽  
Poly Acrylic Acid

AbstractAmphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PMMA-b-PAA) was prepared by 1,1-diphenylethene (DPE) method. Firstly, free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate was carried out with AIBN as initiator in the presence of DPE, giving a DPE-containing PMMA precursor with controlled molecular weight. tert-Butyl acrylate (tBA) was then polymerized in the presence of the PMMA precursor, and PMMA-b-PtBA diblock copolymer with controlled molecular weight was prepared. Finally, amphiphilic diblock copolymer PMMA-b-PAA was obtained by hydrolysis of PMMA-b-PtBA. The formation of PMMA-b-PAA was confirmed by 1H NMR spectrum and gel permeation chromatography. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were used to detect the self-assembly behavior of the amphiphilic diblock polymers in methanol.

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