scholarly journals Optical Trajectory Manipulations Using the Self-Written Waveguide Technique

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ra’ed Malallah ◽  
Derek Cassidy ◽  
Min Wan ◽  
Inbarasan Muniraj ◽  
John J. Healy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
The Self ◽  
Precision Measurements ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
Input Face ◽  
Liquid Solutions ◽  
Material Sample ◽  
Index Changes ◽  
532 Nm

This study is novel for several reasons: We used a thin drop cast layer of dry photosensitive materials to study the behaviors of wet photopolymer media using microscopic distances during the Self-Written Waveguide (SWW) process; then, we examined the self-trajectories formed inside the solid material. The results provide a framework for theoretical and experimental examinations by handling the effects of manipulating the alignment of fibers. The other main advantage of these techniques is their lightweight, easy to process, highly flexible, and ultimately low-cost nature. First, the SWW process in wet photopolymer media (liquid solutions) was examined under three cases: single-, counter-, and co-fiber exposure. Then, the SWWs formed inside the solid material were examined along with the effects of manipulating the alignment of the fibers. In all cases, high precision measurements were used to position the fiber optic cables (FOCs) before exposure using a microscope. The self-writing process was indirectly monitored by observing (imaging) the light emerging from the side of the material sample during SWW formation. In this way, we examined the optical waveguide trajectories formed in Acrylamide/Polyvinyl Alcohol (AA/PVA), a photopolymer material (sensitized at 532 nm). First, the transmission of light by this material is characterized. Then, the bending and merging of the waveguides that occur are investigated. The predictions of our model are shown to qualitatively agree with the observed trajectories. The largest index changes taking place at any time during exposure, i.e., during SWW formation, are shown to take place at the positions where the largest exposure light intensity is present. Typically, such maxima exist close to the input face. The first maximum is referred to as the location of the Primary Eye. Other local maxima also appear further along the SWW and are referred to as Secondary Eyes, i.e., eyes deeper within the material.

scholarly journals Optical Trajectory Manipulations Using the Self-Written Waveguides Technique

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ra'ed Malallah ◽  
Derek Cassidy ◽  
Min Wan ◽  
inbarasan muniraj ◽  
John Healy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
The Self ◽  
Precision Measurements ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
Input Face ◽  
Liquid Solutions ◽  
Material Sample ◽  
Index Changes ◽  
532 Nm

In this paper, first the Self-Written Waveguide (SWW) process in wet photopolymer media (liquid solutions), are examined for three examples: single-, counter-, and co-fibers exposure. Then the SWWs formed inside solid material are examined including the effects of manipulating the alignment of the fibers. In all cases high precision measurements are used to position the fiber optic cables (FOCs) before exposure using a microscope. The self-writing process is indirectly monitored by observing (imaging) the light emerging from the side of the material sample during SWW formation. In this way the optical waveguide trajectories formed in an Acrylamide/Polyvinyl Alcohol (AA/PVA) a photopolymer material (sensitized at 532 nm) are examined. First the transmission of light by this material is characterized. Then the bending and merging of the waveguides which occur are investigated. The predictions of our model are shown to qualitatively agree with the observed trajectories. The largest index changes taking place at any time during the exposure, i.e. during SWW formation, are shown to take place at the positions where the largest exposure light intensity is present. Typically, such maxima exist close to the input face and the first maximum is referred to as the location of the Primary Eye. Other local maxima also appear further along the SWW and are referred to as Secondary Eyes, i.e. deeper within the material.

A simple method to construct a low-cost immunosensor based on a dithiol-functionalized polydopamine platform

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Liu ◽  
Luanying Yang ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Sha He ◽  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Covalent Immobilization ◽  
The Self ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Low Detection Limit

A simple and low-cost electrochemical CEA immunosensor was investigated via the self-polymerization of dopamine and a dithiol compound spacer for the covalent immobilization of antibodies. The designed CEA immunosensor exhibited a linear response and a low detection limit.

scholarly journals Use of WetSEM® capsules for convenient multimodal scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and micro Raman spectroscopy characterisation of technetium oxides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Bailey ◽  
M. C. Stennett ◽  
J. Heo ◽  
N. C. Hyatt
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Powder Materials ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Sem Imaging ◽  
General User ◽  
532 Nm

AbstractSEM–EDX and Raman spectroscopy analysis of radioactive compounds is often restricted to dedicated instrumentation, within radiological working areas, to manage the hazard and risk of contamination. Here, we demonstrate application of WetSEM® capsules for containment of technetium powder materials, enabling routine multimodal characterisation with general user instrumentation, outside of a controlled radiological working area. The electron transparent membrane of WetSEM® capsules enables SEM imaging of submicron non-conducting technetium powders and acquisition of Tc Lα X-ray emission, using a low cost desktop SEM–EDX system, as well as acquisition of good quality μ-Raman spectra using a 532 nm laser.

scholarly journals The anaerobic digestion of sheep manure in self-designed low-cost biogas reactor

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Nagy ◽  
Alexandra Takács ◽  
András Arnold Kállay ◽  
Dóra Mentes
Keyword(s):  
Main Product ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fluid Displacement ◽  
Data Collector ◽  
Sheep Manure ◽  
Biogas Reactor

One of the possible utilisation methods for organic wastes is anaerobe decomposition (fermentation). The main product of this process is biogas which is usually used for energy purposes due to its composition (mainly methane and carbon dioxide). The residual solid material after fermentation can be used as soil conditioner. Lab-scale fermentation can be carried out using the “VDI 4630 – Fermentation of organic materials Characterisation of the substrate, sampling, collection of material data, fermentation tests” standard. Based on the conditions described in the standard, a small-scale low-budget reactor system were prepared. The temperature during the holding time was controlled with water bath and the gas production was determined with fluid displacement method. A peristaltic pump was used for the recirculation of the gas to mix the base material. Furthermore, the temperatures of the environment, the water baths and the inside of each reactor was automatically registered on a data collector.

scholarly journals SPR Biosensor Based on Polymer Multi-Mode Optical Waveguide and Nanoparticle Signal Enhancement

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna-Gabriela Walter ◽  
Alina Eilers ◽  
Lourdes Alwis ◽  
Bernhard Roth ◽  
Kort Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Waveguide Structure ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Polymer Waveguide ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Spr Biosensor ◽  
Measurement Resolution ◽  
Index Changes ◽  
Detection Of Biomolecules ◽  
Multi Mode

We present a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor that is based on a planar-optical multi-mode (MM) polymer waveguide structure applied for the detection of biomolecules in the lower nano-molar (nM) range. The basic sensor shows a sensitivity of 608.6 nm/RIU when exposed to refractive index changes with a measurement resolution of 4.3 × 10−3 RIU. By combining the SPR sensor with an aptamer-functionalized, gold-nanoparticle (AuNP)-enhanced sandwich assay, the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) in a buffer solution was achieved with a response of 0.118 nm/nM. Due to the multi-mode polymer waveguide structure and the simple concept, the reported biosensor is well suited for low-cost disposable lab-on-a-chip applications and can be used with rather simple and economic devices. In particular, the sensor offers the potential for fast and multiplexed detection of several biomarkers on a single integrated platform.

scholarly journals Individual Detection of Citrus and Avocado Trees Using Extended Maxima Transform Summation on Digital Surface Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. García-Murillo ◽  
J. Caicedo-Acosta ◽  
G. Castellanos-Dominguez
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Seed Selection ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Local Maxima ◽  
Commission Errors ◽  
Tree Detection ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Cumulative Summation

Individual tree detection (ITD) locates plants from images to estimate monitoring parameters, helping the management of forestry and agriculture systems. As a low-cost solution to help farm monitoring, digital surface models are increasingly involved together with mathematical morphology techniques within the framework of ITD tasks. However, morphology-based approaches are prone to omission and commission errors due to the shape and size of structuring elements. To reduce the error rate in ITD tasks, we introduce a morphological transform that is based on the local maxima segmentation (Cumulative Summation of Extended Maxima transform (SEMAX)) with the aim to enhance the seed selection by extracting information collected from different heights. Validation is performed on data collected from the plantations of citrus and avocado using different measures of precision. The results obtained by the SEMAX approach show that the devised ITD algorithm provides enough accuracy, and achieves the lowest false-negative rate than other compared state-of-art approaches do.

scholarly journals Open-Source Grinding Machine for Compression Screw Manufacturing

Inventions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Jacob Franz ◽  
Joshua M. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Self ◽  
Compression Screw ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
Abrasive Disk ◽  
Technical Systems ◽  
Grinding Machine ◽  
1045 Steel

Some of the most promising distributed recycling and additive manufacturing (DRAM) technical systems use fused particle fabrication (FPF) or fused granular fabrication (FGF), where compression screws force post-consumer waste plastic through a heated nozzle for direct 3D printing. To assist the technical evolution of these systems, this study provided the details of an invention for a low-cost, easily replicable open-source grinding machine for compression screw manufacturing. The system itself can be largely fabricated using FPF/FGF following the self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) methodology. This grinding machine can be made from a cordless cut-off grinder and < $155 in parts. The new invention is demonstrated to be able to cut custom screws with variable (i) channel depths, (ii) screw diameters, (iii) screw lengths, (iv) pitches, (v) abrasive disk thicknesses, (vi) handedness of the screws, (vii) and materials (three types of steel tested: 1045 steel, 1144 steel, and 416 stainless steel). The results show that the device is more than capable of replicating commercial screws as well as providing makers with a much greater flexibility to make custom screws. This invention enables the DRAM toolchain to become even more self-sufficient, which assists the goals of the circular economy.

Hedonic and Utilitarian Values Behind Engagement of Online Consumers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1242-1263
Author(s):  
Farrah Zeba ◽  
Musarrat Shaheen ◽  
Raveesh Krishnankutty
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
The Self ◽  
Customer Engagement ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Diary Method ◽  
Low Cost Carriers ◽  
Order Construct

In the hyper-competitive Indian airline industry, the low-cost carriers as well as full-service airlines are in dire need of innovative marketing strategies to engage their customers. To understand the dynamics behind the process of customer engagement, the purpose of this paper is to gain insights into the lived experience of consumers about their online air-ticket bookings experiences. In total, 60 frequent air travellers were approached to participate in the study and the self-completion diary method was incorporated to record their ticket booking experiences. The responses recorded in the diaries were analyzed on the basis of their content from which eight themes were derived. The findings bring forth the importance of hedonic experiential values along with utilitarian experiential values toward the engagement of customers during the online air-ticket booking process. The current study is one of the pioneers in conceptualization of customer engagement as a third-order construct by uncovering the sub-dimensions of the second order factors—utilitarian and hedonic experiential values.

Feasibility Analysis of Self-Reactive Spray Forming TiC-TiB2-Based Composite Ceramic Preforms

2008 ◽  
Vol 368-372 ◽  
pp. 1126-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Wei Liu ◽  
Long Zhang ◽  
Jian Jiang Wang ◽  
Xin Kang Du
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Composite Ceramic ◽  
Spray Forming ◽  
The Self ◽  
High Temperature Synthesis ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
Columnar Grain ◽  
Metal Spray ◽  
Base Phase

A new near-net-shape technology, namely, self-reactive spray forming, to prepare ceramic preforms with low cost was proposed by combining the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) with the metal spray forming. The feasibility of the technology was illustrated. And TiC-TiB2 -based structural ceramic was prepared by the new technology. The microstructure of the self-reactive spray formed preforms was analyzed. It was shown that the self-reactive spray formed preforms are composed of four kinds of structure, which takes on the characteristics of rapid solidification. They are griseous continuous base phase TiC0.3N0.7, black columnar grain TiB2 with the size of 100nm-1μm, white by-product phase TiO2 distributing along the boundary of the base phase, and a few of black anomalous pores respectively.

scholarly journals Self Compacting Concrete – an Analysis of Properties using Fly Ash

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.24) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Dasarathy A K ◽  
M Tamil Selvi ◽  
D Leela ◽  
S Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
The Self ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Reinforcing Bars ◽  
Self Compacting Concrete ◽  
Construction Market ◽  
Class F Fly Ash ◽  
Class F

Self  compacting concrete has ability involves not only high deformability of paste or mortar, but also resistance to segregation between coarse aggregate and  mortar  when the concrete flows  through the confined zone of reinforcing bars. Several researchers have employed the different methods to achieve self- compactability. In recent years, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has gained wide use for placement in congested reinforced  concrete structures with difficult casting conditions. For such applications, the fresh concrete must possess high fluidity and good cohesiveness. The initial results of an experimental program aimed at producing and evaluating SCC made with high volumes of fly ash are presented and discussed. Nine SCC mixtures and one control concrete were investigated in this study. The content of the cementitious materials was maintained constant (400 kg/m3), while the water / cementitious material ratios ranged from 0.35 to 0.45. The self-compacting mixtures had a cement replacement of 40,50 and 60% by Class F fly ash. Tests were carried out on all  mechanical properties of hardened concretes such as compressive strength were also determined. The self-compacting concretes developed a 28- day compressive strengths ranging from 26 to 48 MPa. The results show that an economical self-compacting concrete could be successfully developed by incorporating high-volumes of Class F fly ash. The present project investigates the making of self-compacting concrete more affordable for the construction market by replacing high volumes of Portland cement by fly ash. The study focuses on comparison of fresh properties of SCC containing varying amounts of fly ash with that containing commercially available admixture. Test result substantiate the feasibility to develop low cost SCC using Class F fly ash.  

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