scholarly journals Review of Polymeric Materials in 4D Printing Biomedical Applications

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-You Shie ◽  
Yu-Fang Shen ◽  
Suryani Dyah Astuti ◽  
Alvin Kai-Xing Lee ◽  
Shu-Hsien Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Current Application ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of 4D printing is to embed a product design into a deformable smart material using a traditional 3D printer. The 3D printed object can be assembled or transformed into intended designs by applying certain conditions or forms of stimulation such as temperature, pressure, humidity, pH, wind, or light. Simply put, 4D printing is a continuum of 3D printing technology that is now able to print objects which change over time. In previous studies, many smart materials were shown to have 4D printing characteristics. In this paper, we specifically review the current application, respective activation methods, characteristics, and future prospects of various polymeric materials in 4D printing, which are expected to contribute to the development of 4D printing polymeric materials and technology.

scholarly journals 4D Printing: The Dawn of “Smart” Drug Delivery Systems and Biomedical Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5-S) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Ahmar Khan ◽  
Mir Javid Iqbal ◽  
Saima Amin ◽  
Humaira Bilal ◽  
, Bilquees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Smart Drug ◽  
Smart Drug Delivery

With the approval of first 3D printed drug “spritam” by USFDA, 3D printing is gaining acceptance in healthcare, engineering and other aspects of life. Taking 3D printing towards the next step gives birth to what is referred to as “4D printing”. The full credit behind the unveiling of 4D printing technology in front of the world goes to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), who revealed “time” in this technology as the fourth dimension.  4D printing is a renovation of 3D printing wherein special materials (referred to as smart materials) are incorporated which change their morphology post printing in response to a stimulus. Depending upon the applicability of this technology, there may be a variety of stimuli, most common among them being pH, water, heat, wind and other forms of energy.  The upper hand of 4D printing over 3D printing is that 3D printed structures are generally immobile, rigid and inanimate whereas 4D printed structures are flexible, mobile and able to interact with the surrounding environment based on the stimulus. This capability of 4D printing to transform 3D structures into smart structures in response to various stimuli promises a great potential for biomedical and bioengineering applications. The potential of 4D printing in developing pre-programmed biomaterials that can undergo transformations lays new foundations for enabling smart pharmacology, personalized medicine, and smart drug delivery, all of which can help in combating diseases in a smarter way. Hence, the theme of this paper is about the potential of 4D printing in creating smart drug delivery, smart pharmacology, targeted drug delivery and better patient compliance. The paper highlights the recent advancements of 4D printing in healthcare sector and ways by which 4D printing is doing wonders in creating smart drug delivery and tailored medicine. The major constraints in the approach have also been highlighted. Keywords: 4D printing, smart, drug delivery system, patient compliance, biomaterials, tailored medicine

3D Printing and Growth Induced Bending based on PET-RAFT Polymerization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Bainbridge ◽  
Kyle Engel ◽  
Jianyong Jin
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Printing Process ◽  
Raft Agent ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
First Time

4D printing has steadily become an emerging area of advanced manufacturing research and has produced some truly fantastic innovations. Previously we have demonstrated the 3D printing process based on PET-RAFT polymerization, and its subsequent capability in the post-production modification of surface properties. In this work, (1) we further optimized the PET-RAFT 3D printing formulation by replacing RAFT agent CDTPA with BTPA and adjusting the monomers composition; (2) we also observed the photodegradation of the photocatalysts EB and EY under 405nm light and the effects this has on 3D printing; (3) we then did successful 3D printing using a commercial 405nm DLP 3D printer, with an improved build speed of up to 2286 µm/hr; (4) lastly, for the first time we have demonstrated a method for growth induced bending of a 3D printed strip, where the growth on one side of the strip causes stress and the strip bends accordingly to reach a more comfortable position.

Programmable 4D-Printed Responsive Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Sunanta Chuayprakong ◽  
Araya Wanamonkol ◽  
Manuschaya Khayandee
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Syringe Pump ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Crosslinked Polymer ◽  
Gel Fraction ◽  
Over Time

4D-printing has been emerged and developed from 3D-printing. The 4D-printing technology creates sophisticated structures in which can change over time to perform programmed functions. In this research, simply programmable 4D-printed responsive structures were designed, prepared and studied. The designed structures are influentially inspired by creatures and the customized 3D-printer was used. Magnetic crosslinked PVA was prepared and used as programmable 4D-printed responsive samples. Effect of PVA concentration on gel fraction was elucidated for the prepared crosslinked PVA. Fe3O4 particles were incorporated to the crosslinked polymer before manufacturing. Effect of speed of platform and effect of rate of syringe pump on the 4D-printed magnetic crosslinked PVA structure were investigated. Furthermore, the responsive property of the magnetic crosslinked PVA was determined.

scholarly journals 3D and 4D Printing of Multistable Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7254
Author(s):  
Hoon Yeub Jeong ◽  
Soo-Chan An ◽  
Yeonsoo Lim ◽  
Min Ji Jeong ◽  
Namhun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Compliant Mechanisms ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Strained Layers ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Mechanical Metamaterials ◽  
3D Printed

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a new paradigm in customized manufacturing and allows the fabrication of complex structures that are difficult to realize with other conventional methods. Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds active, responsive functions to 3D-printed components, which can respond to various environmental stimuli. This review introduces recent ideas in 3D and 4D printing of mechanical multistable structures. Three-dimensional printing of multistable structures can enable highly reconfigurable components, which can bring many new breakthroughs to 3D printing. By adopting smart materials in multistable structures, more advanced functionalities and enhanced controllability can also be obtained in 4D printing. This could be useful for various smart and programmable actuators. In this review, we first introduce three representative approaches for 3D printing of multistable structures: strained layers, compliant mechanisms, and mechanical metamaterials. Then, we discuss 4D printing of multistable structures that can help overcome the limitation of conventional 4D printing research. Lastly, we conclude with future prospects.

scholarly journals 3D Printing and Growth Induced Bending based on PET-RAFT Polymerization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Bainbridge ◽  
Kyle Engel ◽  
Jianyong Jin
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Printing Process ◽  
Raft Agent ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
First Time

4D printing has steadily become an emerging area of advanced manufacturing research and has produced some truly fantastic innovations. Previously we have demonstrated the 3D printing process based on PET-RAFT polymerization, and its subsequent capability in the post-production modification of surface properties. In this work, (1) we further optimized the PET-RAFT 3D printing formulation by replacing RAFT agent CDTPA with BTPA and adjusting the monomers composition; (2) we also observed the photodegradation of the photocatalysts EB and EY under 405nm light and the effects this has on 3D printing; (3) we then did successful 3D printing using a commercial 405nm DLP 3D printer, with an improved build speed of up to 2286 µm/hr; (4) lastly, for the first time we have demonstrated a method for growth induced bending of a 3D printed strip, where the growth on one side of the strip causes stress and the strip bends accordingly to reach a more comfortable position.

scholarly journals 3D Printing in Development of Nanomedicines

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keerti Jain ◽  
Rahul Shukla ◽  
Awesh Yadav ◽  
Rewati Raman Ujjwal ◽  
Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is gaining numerous advances in manufacturing approaches both at macro- and nanoscales. Three-dimensional printing is being explored for various biomedical applications and fabrication of nanomedicines using additive manufacturing techniques, and shows promising potential in fulfilling the need for patient-centric personalized treatment. Initial reports attributed this to availability of novel natural biomaterials and precisely engineered polymeric materials, which could be fabricated into exclusive 3D printed nanomaterials for various biomedical applications as nanomedicines. Nanomedicine is defined as the application of nanotechnology in designing nanomaterials for different medicinal applications, including diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, prevention, and control of diseases. Nanomedicine is also showing great impact in the design and development of precision medicine. In contrast to the “one-size-fits-all” criterion of the conventional medicine system, personalized or precision medicines consider the differences in various traits, including pharmacokinetics and genetics of different patients, which have shown improved results over conventional treatment. In the last few years, much literature has been published on the application of 3D printing for the fabrication of nanomedicine. This article deals with progress made in the development and design of tailor-made nanomedicine using 3D printing technology.

scholarly journals Approaches of combining a 3D-printed elastic structure and a hydrogel to create models for plant-inspired actuators

MRS Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Rodriguez ◽  
Anil K. Bastola ◽  
Marc Behl ◽  
Patricia Soffiatti ◽  
Nick P. Rowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Passive Component ◽  
Material System ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printing Techniques

Abstract Inspired by the interesting functional traits of a climbing cactus, Selenicereus setaceus, found in the forest formations of Southeastern Brazil, we formulated a hypothesis that we can directly learn from the plants to develop multi-functional artificial systems by means of a multi-disciplinary approach. In this context, our approach is to take advantage of 3D-printing techniques and shape-memory hydrogels synergistically to mimic the functional traits of the cactus. This work reports on the preliminary investigation of cactus-inspired artificial systems. First, we 3D-printed soft polymeric materials and characterized them, which defines the structure and is a passive component of a multi-material system. Second, different hydrogels were synthesized and characterized, which is an active component of a multi-material system. Finally, we investigated how the hydrogel can be integrated into the 3D-printed constructs to develop artificial functional systems. Graphic abstract

A physical investigation of dimensional and mechanical characteristics of 3D printed nut and bolt for industrial applications

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chand ◽  
Vishal S. Sharma ◽  
Rajeev Trehan ◽  
Munish Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Machine Failure ◽  
Sharp Edges ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose A nut bolt joint is a primary device that connects mechanical components. The vibrations cause bolted joints to self-loosen. Created by motors and engines, leading to machine failure, and there may be severe safety issues. All the safety issues and self-loosen are directly and indirectly the functions of the accuracy and precision of the fabricated nut and bolt. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies now allow for the production of intricate components. These may be used technologies such as 3D printed bolts to create fasteners. This paper aims to investigate dimensional precision, surface properties, mechanical properties and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the component fabricated using a multi-jet 3D printer. Design/methodology/approach Multi-jet-based 3D printed nut-bolt is evaluated in this paper. More specifically, liquid polymer-based nut-bolt is fabricated in sections 1, 2 and 3 of the base plate. Five nuts and bolts are fabricated in these three sections. Findings Dimensional inquiry (bolt dimension, general dimensions’ density and surface roughness) and mechanical testing (shear strength of nut and bolt) were carried out throughout the study. According to the ISO 2768 requirements for the General Tolerances Grade, the nut and bolt’s dimensional examination (variation in bolt dimension, general dimensions) is within the tolerance grades. As a result, the multi-jet 3D printing (MJP)-based 3D printer described above may be used for commercial production. In terms of mechanical qualities, when the component placement moves from Sections 1 to 3, the density of the manufactured part decreases by 0.292% (percent) and the shear strength of the nut and bolt decreases by 30%. According to the SEM examination, the density of the River markings, sharp edges, holes and sharp edges increased from Sections 1 to 3, which supports the findings mentioned above. Originality/value Hence, this work enlightens the aspects causing time lag during the 3D printing in MJP. It causes variation in the dimensional deviation, surface properties and mechanical properties of the fabricated part, which needs to be explored.

3D printing of active polymeric materials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jheng-Wun Su
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Waterborne Polyurethane ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
3D Structures

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Learning from nature livings, especially those that can respond to the stimuli and change the shape, is attracting increasing interests in a wide variety of research fields. There is a significant need of developing synthetic materials that can mimic these living systems to show dynamic and adaptive shape-changing functions. Although various fabrication methods including molding, micro-fabrication and photolithography have been developed to fabricate the dynamic materials, they all have shown some limits. At present, 3D printing is a promising technique, which provides a cost effective, accurate and customized method to form 3D structures. The recently new emerging technique, 4D printing, which employs the 3D printing to print the active materials for dynamic 3D structures, shows a great potential for various applications such as tissue engineering, flexible electronics, and soft robotics. Despite much recent progress, this technology and its application in 3D dynamic structure fabrication is still in its infancy. My Ph.D. dissertation focuses on 4D printing of programmable polymeric materials that exhibits complex, reversible, shape transformations as well as enriching the printable material library by exploring various active materials for 4D printing technology. Chapter 1 introduces the current development of active materials and methodologies. Much attention is paid to the recent progress and its merits and demerits. Chapter 2 presents a simple and inexpensive 4D printing of waterborne polyurethane paint (PU) composites that are fabricated by mixing PU with micro-size preswollen carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and silicon oxide nanoparticle (NPs), respectively. Chapter 3 presents the 4D printing of a commercial polymer, SU-8, which has yet been reported in this field. The self-morphing behaviors of the printed SU-8 structures are induced by spatial control of swelling medium inside the SU-8 matrix. In Chapter 4, machine learning algorithms are applied to evaluate the shape-morphing behaviors of 4D printed objects. After the model optimization by tuning the hyperparameters the obtained machine learning models enable to accurately predict the final curvatures and curving angles of the 4D printed SU-8 structures from given input geometrical information. This initial success show that these data-driven surrogate models can well circumvent the challenge of human centered trial-and-error process in optimizing the printed structures, thereby pushing the research in 4D printing to a new height.

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