scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Bio-oil Phenolic Foam Reinforced with Montmorillonite

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingping Xu ◽  
Yuxiang Yu ◽  
Miaomiao Chang ◽  
Jianmin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Phenolic Foam ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Small Content

Introducing bio-oil into phenolic foam (PF) can effectively improve the toughness of PF, but its flame retardant performance will be adversely affected and show a decrease. To offset the decrease in flame retardant performance, montmorillonite (MMT) can be added as a promising alternative to enhance the flame resistance of foams. The present work reported the effects of MMT on the chemical structure, morphological property, mechanical performance, flame resistance, and thermal stability of bio-oil phenolic foam (BPF). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) result showed that the –OH group peaks shifted to a lower frequency after adding MMT, indicating strong hydrogen bonding between MMT and bio-oil phenolic resin (BPR) molecular chains. Additionally, when a small content of MMT (2–4 wt %) was added in the foamed composites, the microcellular structures of bio-oil phenolic foam modified by MMT (MBPFs) were more uniform and compact than that of BPF. As a result, the best performance of MBPF was obtained with the addition of 4 wt % MMT, where compressive strength and limited oxygen index (LOI) increased by 31.0% and 33.2%, respectively, and the pulverization ratio decreased by 40.6% in comparison to BPF. These tests proved that MMT can blend well with bio-oil to effectively improve the flame resistance of PF while enhancing toughness.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Phenolic Foam Modified with Bio-Oil

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiang Yu ◽  
Yufei Wang ◽  
Pingping Xu ◽  
Jianmin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Phenolic Foam ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Residual Masses ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Mechanical Performances ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Bio-oil was added as a substitute for phenol for the preparation of a foaming phenolic resin (PR), which aimed to reduce the brittleness and pulverization of phenolic foam (PF). The components of bio-oil, the chemical structure of bio-oil phenolic resin (BPR), and the mechanical performances, and the morphological and thermal properties of bio-oil phenolic foam (BPF) were investigated. The bio-oil contained a number of phenols and abundant substances with long-chain alkanes. The peaks of OH groups, CH2 groups, C=O groups, and aromatic skeletal vibration on the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum became wider and sharper after adding bio-oil. These suggested that the bio-oil could partially replace phenol to prepare resin and had great potential for toughening resin. When the substitute rate of bio-oil to phenol (B/P substitute rate) was between 10% and 20%, the cell sizes of BPFs were smaller and more uniform than those of PF. The compressive strength and flexural strength of BPFs with a 10–20% B/P substitute rate increased by 10.5–47.4% and 25.0–50.5% respectively, and their pulverization ratios decreased by 14.5–38.6% in comparison to PF. All BPFs maintained good flame-retardant properties, thermal stability, and thermal isolation, although the limited oxygen index (LOI) and residual masses by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of BPFs were lower and the thermal conducticity was slightly greater than those of PF. This indicated that the bio-oil could be used as a renewable toughening agent for PF.

Preparation and Characterization of Soybean Oil-based Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Phosphaphenanthrene Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 760-771
Author(s):  
Qirui Gong ◽  
Niangui Wang ◽  
Kaibo Zhang ◽  
Shizhao Huang ◽  
Yuhan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Degradation Activation Energy ◽  
Ft Ir

A phosphaphenanthrene groups containing soybean oil based polyol (DSBP) was synthesized by epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Soybean oil based polyol (HSBP) was synthesized by ESO and H2O. The chemical structure of DSBP and HSBP were characterized with FT-IR and 1H NMR. The corresponding rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared by mixing DSBP with HSBP. The results revealed apparent density and compression strength of RPUFs decreased with increasing the DSBP content. The cell structure of RPUFs was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) which displayed the cells as spherical or polyhedral. The thermal degradation and flame retardancy of RPUFs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL 94 vertical burning test. The degradation activation energy (Ea) of first degradation stage reduced from 80.05 kJ/mol to 37.84 kJ/mol with 80 wt% DSBP. The RUPF with 80 wt% DSBP achieved UL94 V-0 rating and LOI 28.3. The results showed that the flame retardant effect was mainly in both gas phase and condensed phase.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Poly (aryl ether sulfone ketone) S Containing M-Sulfonylbenzonyl Linkage in the Main Chains

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1518-1522
Author(s):  
Feng Ding ◽  
Da Zhi Wang ◽  
Shao Yin Zhang ◽  
Tian Xing Liu
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimeter ◽  
Benzoyl Chloride ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Aryl Ether ◽  
Ft Ir

A low expense chloro-monomer, 1-(4'-chloro-1-benzoyl)-3-(4'-1-choro-benzene sulfonyl)-benzene(CBCBSB), was synthesized by the Friedel-Crafts reaction of m-chlorosu1fonyl benzoyl chloride with chlorobenzene. A novel poly (aryl ether sulfone ketone)s (PAESK) containing m-sulfonylbenzoyl linkages in the main chains were prepared by copolycondensation of CBCBSB with hydroquinone in N, N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The structure of PAESK was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and characterized by XRD. thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) were carried out to demonstrate its good melt processability. The polymer exhibited the better solubility in chloroform, N-methyl-2-pyrrlidone(NMP), dimethylacetamide(DMAC), dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and excellent mechanical performance.

Study on Synthesis, Characterization and Ultrasonic Degradation the Dyeing Wastewater of 11- MnZrMo Heteropoly Salt with Keggin Structure

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 1484-1487
Author(s):  
Zhi Hong Zhang ◽  
Feng Xue
Keyword(s):  
Basic Feature ◽  
Keggin Structure ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Dyeing Wastewater ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ultrasonic Degradation ◽  
The Fourier Transform

The heteropoly salt, Na6[Mn(Mo11ZrO39)] •19H2O（MnZrMo）with Keggin structure of the 1:1:11series, was synthesized by the aqueous solution method, and characterized and analyzed. The element analysis showed that the molar ratio of Mn, Zr and Mo was accord with 1:1:11;the thermogravimetric analysis/ differential thermal analysis(TG/DTA) indicated that the MnZrMo had good thermal stability and it contained nineteen molecules of crystallization water; the characterization of the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray powder diffraction analysis(XRD) and the ultraviolet spectrum(UV) showed that the anionic of the MnZrMo heteropoly salt possessed Keggin structure; the analysis of the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) showed that it had the basic feature of the macromolecular compound and a regular crystal. The MnZrMo heteropoly salt was used as the catalyst to degrade the acidic-green B(AGB) dyeing wastewater enhanced by the ultrasonic, the degradation rate could reach 95.90%.

Fabrication and Characterization of Nano-Sized Starch Particles

2015 ◽  
Vol 1120-1121 ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
Hua Lin ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Mu Feng ◽  
Li Zhao Qin
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Plausible Mechanism ◽  
Fabrication And Characterization ◽  
The Fourier Transform

An efficient method of preparing nanostarch using high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation and acid hydrolysis was discussed. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the nanosized starch particles were in shape of sphere with the size of 80-120 nm, and their surfaces were rough with many flocci. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) revealed that the products maintained the original biological characteristics, and the molecules did not undergo any chemical changes. In addition, the effects of experimental conditions were analyzed and a plausible mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of the nanostarch.

Synthesis and characterisation of the halogen-free flame retardant and mechanical performance of the retardant epoxies resin

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Liang ◽  
Jiao Lv ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Tsubaki Noritatsu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Cyanuric Chloride ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to prepare a novel halogen-free intumescent flame retardant (IFR) BHPPODC (benzene hydroquinone phosphorous oxy dichloride cyanuric chloride) for application to epoxy resin (EP) and study their mechanical and flame-retardant performance. Design/methodology/approach The IFR was synthesised by phenylphosphonic dichloride, hydroquinone and cyanuric chloride via solvent reaction, and the structure was fully characterised by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The thermal stability, mechanical and flame properties and morphology of the char layer of the flame-retardant EP was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile and Charpy impact tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (UL-94) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Findings Results of the LOI indicated that the halogen-free flame retardant as an additive exhibits very good flame-retardant effects. The results showed that the addition of IFR improved the flame resistance properties of epoxies resin composites, and the residual char ratio at 800°C significantly increased. Research limitations/implications The IFR can be prepared successfully and can improve the flame-retardant performance. Practical implications This contribution can provide a high flame retardant performance and has minimal impact on the mechanical performance of the BHPPODC/EP composition. Originality/value This study showed that flame-retardant BHPPODC has an effective flame effect under optimal conditions. When the 12 Wt.% IFR was added to the EP, the LOI was 29.1 and the UL-94 rank can reach V-0 rank, the tensile strength was 83.86 MPa and the impact strength was 8.82 kJ/m2.

scholarly journals Production of Alginate from Persian Gulf Sargassum angustifolium Seaweeds: Novel Extraction and Characterization Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolazim Behfar ◽  
Narges Aqajari ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shushizadeh ◽  
Zahra Ramezani ◽  
Ebrahim Rajabzadeh Ghatrami
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Mixture Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Sargassum Angustifolium ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
G Ratio

Background: Brown seaweeds contain polysaccharides, minerals, proteins, pigments, polyphenols, and fatty acids. Several of these compounds show a wide range of biological activities, such as anticoagulant, anti-tumor, antiviral, and anti-cancer effects. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the extraction, purification, and characterization of alginate from Sargassum angustifolium simultaneous with fucoidan extraction and the effect of this process on the structure and properties of alginate. Methods: The extraction of alginate from S. angustifolium was carried out using defatting with organic solvents mixture, treatment with acid-base solutions, and purification with absolute ethanol. The novel characterization of this compound was carried out by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), FT-NMR, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and florescent spectrophotometry methods. Results: The fluorescent emission of alginate showed 66.54% removal of impurities, such as phenolic compounds. The FT-IR analysis showed the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups as significant signals in the alginate structure. By analyzing the anomeric protons and other aspects of 1H-NMR, M/G ratio, FG, FM, FGG, FMM, FMG (or FGM) were determined to be 0.61, 0.62, 0.38, 0.31, 0.07, and 0.31, respectively. The intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight of alginate were 0.9 dL/g and 41.53 kDa, respectively. Conclusions: The total amount of alginate from the residual S. angustifolium was 17% of dried seaweed. The structure elucidation of alginate was performed with the FT-IR, FT-NMR, and EDX methods.

scholarly journals Characterization of bio-Oil produced by Microwave Pyrolysis of Karanja Seed.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4271-4275
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Microwave Pyrolysis ◽  
Aliphatic Compounds ◽  
Noncondensable Gases ◽  
Fire Point ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Power Inputs ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Pyrolysis Experiment

Pyrolysis is one technique that produces three products in a short span of time in which both conventional and non-conventional method of heating (microwave irradiation) can be done. Karanja seed powder is taken as the feedstock in this microwave pyrolysis experiment. Proximate and Elemental analysis of karanja seed powder resulting volatile content of about 84.89% and moisture content of 10.11% whereas the Carbon of 52.08%, Hydrogen of 8.26%, Sulphur of 0.21%, Nitrogen of 4.02% and oxygen of 35.04%. Microwave pyrolysis for karanja seed was conducted for two power inputs of 700W and 800W in which bio-oil yield is high of 47% at 700W and noncondensable gases of 39% at 800W. The FT-IR results resembles the presence of aliphatic compounds. The TGA analysis was also taken for the produced bio-oil. The rheological study was made to determine the dynamic viscosity of the produced bio-oil at 50 rpm in room temperature which is averaged to 52 cP. The flash point of 90°C and fire point of 94°C was also determined for the produced bio-oil

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles in the Method of Precipitation

2011 ◽  
Vol 474-476 ◽  
pp. 1725-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Qin Wang ◽  
Xiang Ni Yang ◽  
Yang Han ◽  
Rui Jun Zhang ◽  
Yu Lin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Hexagonal Crystal ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Spherical Crystals

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in the method of precipitation, and they were characterized by the means of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), the thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Also their photocatalytic and degradation performance for the methyl orange aqueous solution were studied. The research results showed as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles were spherical crystals in hexagonal crystal system, and their size distribution was mainly in the range of 20-30 nm. The annealing temperature was about 390 °C, and a few organics remained, which may be helpful for the formation of ZnO particles. They had integrated crystal form, high crystallinity and thermal stability. Moreover, the obtained ZnO nanoparticles had excellent photocatalytic and degradation performance for the methyl orange aqueous solution. When reacted for 3.5 h, the degradation rate of the methyl orange aqueous solution was up to about 97%.

Preparation and Characterization of Aqueous Polyurethane Polyol Used in Waterbore Two-Component Polyurethane Coating

2013 ◽  
Vol 470 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Xiao Yi Geng ◽  
Zhi You Hu ◽  
Fei Yang ◽  
Li Juan Zhang ◽  
Meng Qian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Toluene Diisocyanate ◽  
Polyester Polyol ◽  
Water Dispersible ◽  
Polyurethane Film ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Aqueous polyurethane(PU) polyols were synthesized from polyester polyol, toluene diisocyanate(TDI), dimethylolbutyric acid (DMBA) and diethanolamine(DEA). The structure of PU polyol and resulting polyurethane film were confirmed by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effects of NCO/OH and DMBA content on the particle size of PU polyol and resulting polyurethane films, which formed by the mixture of PU polyol and water-dispersible polyisocyanate, was investigated by dynamic light scattering analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis and measurement of the mechanical properties.The results show the increase in DMBA content or NCO:OH ratio may be used to decrease the particle size of aqueous polyurethane polyol, increase the Tg for two-component aqueous PU film and maybe adjust the mechanical properties of resulting film.

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