scholarly journals Pharmacologic Application Potentials of Sulfated Polysaccharide from Marine Algae

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Katherine Talens Manlusoc ◽  
Chieh-Lun Hsieh ◽  
Cheng-Yang Hsieh ◽  
Ellen San Nicolas Salac ◽  
Ya-Ting Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Algae ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharide ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Pharmacologic Activity ◽  
The Many ◽  
Physical And Chemical

With the advent of exploration in finding new sources for treating different diseases, one possible natural source is from marine algae. Having an array of potential benefits, researchers are interested in the components which comprise one of these activities. This can lead to the isolation of active compounds with biological activities, such as antioxidation of free radicals, anti-inflammation, antiproliferation of cancer cells, and anticoagulant to name a few. One of the compounds that are isolated from marine algae are sulfated polysaccharides (SPs). SPs are complex heterogenous natural polymers with an abundance found in different species of marine algae. Marine algae are known to be one of the most important sources of SPs, and depending on the species, its chemical structure varies. This variety has important physical and chemical components and functions which has gained the attention of researchers as this contributes to the many facets of its pharmacologic activity. In this review, recent pharmacologic application potentials and updates on the use of SPs from marine algae are discussed.

Carrageenan: A Wonder Polymer from Marine Algae for Potential Drug Delivery Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1172-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilshad Qureshi ◽  
Suraj Kumar Nayak ◽  
Samarendra Maji ◽  
Doman Kim ◽  
Indranil Banerjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Varied Range ◽  
Drug Delivery Applications

Background: With the advancement in the field of medical science, the idea of sustained release of the therapeutic agents in the patient’s body has remained a major thrust for developing advanced drug delivery systems (DDSs). The critical requirement for fabricating these DDSs is to facilitate the delivery of their cargos in a spatio-temporal and pharmacokinetically-controlled manner. Albeit the synthetic polymer-based DDSs normally address the above-mentioned conditions, their potential cytotoxicity and high cost have ultimately constrained their success. Consequently, the utilization of natural polymers for the fabrication of tunable DDSs owing to their biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic nature can be regarded as a significant stride in the field of drug delivery. Marine environment serves as an untapped resource of varied range of materials such as polysaccharides, which can easily be utilized for developing various DDSs. Methods: Carrageenans are the sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from the cell wall of red seaweeds. They exhibit an assimilation of various biological activities such as anti-thrombotic, anti-viral, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. The main aim of the presented review is threefold. The first one is to describe the unique physicochemical properties and structural composition of different types of carrageenans. The second is to illustrate the preparation methods of the different carrageenan-based macro- and micro-dimensional DDSs like hydrogels, microparticles, and microspheres respectively. Fabrication techniques of some advanced DDSs such as floating hydrogels, aerogels, and 3-D printed hydrogels have also been discussed in this review. Next, considerable attention has been paid to list down the recent applications of carrageenan-based polymeric architectures in the field of drug delivery. Results: Presence of structural variations among the different carrageenan types helps in regulating their temperature and ion-dependent sol-to-gel transition behavior. The constraint of low mechanical strength of reversible gels can be easily eradicated using chemical crosslinking techniques. Carrageenan based-microdimesional DDSs (e.g. microspheres, microparticles) can be utilized for easy and controlled drug administration. Moreover, carrageenans can be fabricated as 3-D printed hydrogels, floating hydrogels, and aerogels for controlled drug delivery applications. Conclusion: In order to address the problems associated with many of the available DDSs, carrageenans are establishing their worth recently as potential drug carriers owing to their varied range of properties. Different architectures of carrageenans are currently being explored as advanced DDSs. In the near future, translation of carrageenan-based advanced DDSs in the clinical applications seems inevitable.

scholarly journals Extraction Techniques, Biological Activities and Health Benefits of Marine Algae Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teketay Wassie ◽  
Kaimin Niu ◽  
Chunyan Xie ◽  
Haihua Wang ◽  
Wu Xin
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Main Component

There is increasing interest in the use of marine algae as functional food additives for improving human health. Enteromorpha (Ulva) prolifera (E. prolifera) is a seaweed green alga (Chlorophyta) that contains many bioactive compounds, of which polysaccharide is the main component. With the advancement of technology in the methods of extraction and analysis, recent studies in in vitro and animals model showed that polysaccharides derived from E. prolifera exert various biological activities, such as gut microbiota modulation, immunomodulation, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and hypolipidemic. Research evidence has shown that methods of extraction and molecular modification, such as degradation, carboxymethylation, and sulfonation could alter the biological activities of polysaccharides. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the different extraction techniques, structural-activity relationship, and health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from E. prolifera, and suggested future research avenues. This review helps to advance the extraction techniques and promote the application of marine algae polysaccharides as functional food and therapeutic agent.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohajerani ◽  
Burnett ◽  
Smith ◽  
Kurmus ◽  
Milas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Production Quantity ◽  
The Many ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Nanoparticles are defined as ultrafine particles sized between 1 and 100 nanometres in diameter. In recent decades, there has been wide scientific research on the various uses of nanoparticles in construction, electronics, manufacturing, cosmetics, and medicine. The advantages of using nanoparticles in construction are immense, promising extraordinary physical and chemical properties for modified construction materials. Among the many different types of nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, carbon nanotubes, silica, copper, clay, and aluminium oxide are the most widely used nanoparticles in the construction sector. The promise of nanoparticles as observed in construction is reflected in other adoptive industries, driving the growth in demand and production quantity at an exorbitant rate. The objective of this study was to analyse the use of nanoparticles within the construction industry to exemplify the benefits of nanoparticle applications and to address the short-term and long-term effects of nanoparticles on the environment and human health within the microcosm of industry so that the findings may be generalised. The benefits of nanoparticle utilisation are demonstrated through specific applications in common materials, particularly in normal concrete, asphalt concrete, bricks, timber, and steel. In addition, the paper addresses the potential benefits and safety barriers for using nanomaterials, with consideration given to key areas of knowledge associated with exposure to nanoparticles that may have implications for health and environmental safety. The field of nanotechnology is considered rather young compared to established industries, thus limiting the time for research and risk analysis. Nevertheless, it is pertinent that research and regulation precede the widespread adoption of potentially harmful particles to mitigate undue risk.

scholarly journals Photoprotective Substances Derived from Marine Algae

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratih Pangestuti ◽  
Evi Siahaan ◽  
Se-Kwon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Marine Algae ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metalloproteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Marine Algal

Marine algae have received great attention as natural photoprotective agents due to their unique and exclusive bioactive substances which have been acquired as an adaptation to the extreme marine environment combine with a range of physical parameters. These photoprotective substances include mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), sulfated polysaccharides, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Marine algal photoprotective substances exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as ultraviolet (UV) absorbing, antioxidant, matrix-metalloproteinase inhibitors, anti-aging, and immunomodulatory activities. Hence, such unique bioactive substances derived from marine algae have been regarded as having potential for use in skin care, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. In this context, this contribution aims at revealing bioactive substances found in marine algae, outlines their photoprotective potential, and provides an overview of developments of blue biotechnology to obtain photoprotective substances and their prospective applications.

scholarly journals Essential Oils and Their Main Chemical Components: The Past 20 Years of Preclinical Studies in Melanoma

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2650
Author(s):  
Marta Di Martile ◽  
Stefania Garzoli ◽  
Rino Ragno ◽  
Donatella Del Bufalo
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Antitumor Action ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Braf Mutations ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
The Many

The last two decades have seen the development of effective therapies, which have saved the lives of a large number of melanoma patients. However, therapeutic options are still limited for patients without BRAF mutations or in relapse from current treatments, and severe side effects often occur during therapy. Thus, additional insights to improve treatment efficacy with the aim to decrease the likelihood of chemoresistance, as well as reducing side effects of current therapies, are required. Natural products offer great opportunities for the discovery of antineoplastic drugs, and still represent a useful source of novel molecules. Among them, essential oils, representing the volatile fraction of aromatic plants, are always being actively investigated by several research groups and show promising biological activities for their use as complementary or alternative medicine for several diseases, including cancer. In this review, we focused on studies reporting the mechanism through which essential oils exert antitumor action in preclinical wild type or mutant BRAF melanoma models. We also discussed the latest use of essential oils in improving cancer patients’ quality of life. As evidenced by the many studies listed in this review, through their effect on apoptosis and tumor progression-associated properties, essential oils can therefore be considered as potential natural pharmaceutical resources for cancer management.

Incorporation of spatial variability in modeling non-point source groundwater nitrate pollution

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Goderya ◽  
M. F. Dahab ◽  
W. E. Woldt ◽  
I. Bogardi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Geostatistical Simulation ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Zone Modeling ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A methodology for incorporation of spatial variability in modeling non-point source groundwater nitrate contamination is presented. The methodology combines geostatistical simulation and unsaturated zone modeling for estimating the amount of nitrate loading to groundwater. Three dimensional soil nitrogen variability and 2-dimensional crop yield variability are used in quantifying potential benefits of spatially distributed nitrogen input. This technique, in combination with physical and chemical measurements, is utilized as a means of illustrating how the spatial statistical properties of nitrate leaching can be obtained for different scenarios of fixed and variable rate nitrogen applications.

scholarly journals Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Rónavári ◽  
Nóra Igaz ◽  
Dóra I. Adamecz ◽  
Bettina Szerencsés ◽  
Csaba Molnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Silver And Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Comprehensive Collection ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The nanomaterial industry generates gigantic quantities of metal-based nanomaterials for various technological and biomedical applications; however, concomitantly, it places a massive burden on the environment by utilizing toxic chemicals for the production process and leaving hazardous waste materials behind. Moreover, the employed, often unpleasant chemicals can affect the biocompatibility of the generated particles and severely restrict their application possibilities. On these grounds, green synthetic approaches have emerged, offering eco-friendly, sustainable, nature-derived alternative production methods, thus attenuating the ecological footprint of the nanomaterial industry. In the last decade, a plethora of biological materials has been tested to probe their suitability for nanomaterial synthesis. Although most of these approaches were successful, a large body of evidence indicates that the green material or entity used for the production would substantially define the physical and chemical properties and as a consequence, the biological activities of the obtained nanomaterials. The present review provides a comprehensive collection of the most recent green methodologies, surveys the major nanoparticle characterization techniques and screens the effects triggered by the obtained nanomaterials in various living systems to give an impression on the biomedical potential of green synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Role of CXC chemokine receptor type 4 as a lactoferrin receptor

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiharu Takayama ◽  
Reiji Aoki ◽  
Ryo Uchida ◽  
Atsushi Tajima ◽  
Ayako Aoki-Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Bovine Lactoferrin ◽  
Lactoferrin Receptor ◽  
Stromal Cell Derived Factor ◽  
The Many

Lactoferrin exerts its biological activities by interacting with receptors on target cells, including LDL receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1/CD91), intelectin-1 (omentin-1), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, the effects mediated by these receptors are not sufficient to fully explain the many functions of lactoferrin. C-X-C-motif cytokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a ubiquitously expressed G-protein coupled receptor for stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12). Lactoferrin was found to be as capable as SDF-1 in blocking infection by an HIV variant that uses CXCR4 as a co-receptor (X4-tropic HIV), suggesting that lactoferrin interacts with CXCR4. We addressed whether CXCR4 acts as a lactoferrin receptor using HaCaT human keratinocytes and Caco-2 human intestinal cells. We found that bovine lactoferrin interacted with CXCR4-containing lipoparticles, and that this interaction was not antagonized by SDF-1. In addition, activation of Akt in response to lactoferrin was abrogated by AMD3100, a small molecule inhibitor of CXCR4, or by a CXCR4-neutralizing antibody, suggesting that CXCR4 functions as a lactoferrin receptor able to mediate activation of the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway. Lactoferrin stimulation mimicked many aspects of SDF-1-induced CXCR4 activity, including receptor dimerization, tyrosine phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Cycloheximide chase assays indicated that turnover of CXCR4 was accelerated in response to lactoferrin. These results indicate that CXCR4 is a potent lactoferrin receptor that mediates lactoferrin-induced activation of Akt signaling.

scholarly journals A new noise detected in the ocean

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 1255-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Guerra ◽  
Xavier Martinell ◽  
Angel F. González ◽  
Michael Vecchione ◽  
Joaquin Gracia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
Reflection And Refraction ◽  
Turbulent Pressure ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Many ◽  
Many Sources

Many observers have noted that the sea is full of loud sounds, both ongoing and episodic. Among the many sources of natural ambient noise are wave action, physical processes such as undersea earthquakes, and biological activities of shrimps, fish, dolphins and whales. Despite interest by acoustics experts, sound production by cephalopods has been reported only twice, both involving squid. The ‘faint poppings’ produced were thought to result from fluttering of the thin external lips of the squid's funnel while water is being expelled through it. Otherwise, no information is available on cephalopod sounds. Here we present a noise produced by a stressed common octopus. The event was filmed and recorded in the wild. The hypothesis we offer to explain how this sound was produced is cavitation, which has been documented in several biological systems. In our case, the water expelled through the funnel may have created a jet with a velocity so high that the turbulent pressure dropped locally below the vapour pressure of the water. Seawater contains gas microbubbles, which will grow in size when they are entrained in the region of low pressure. Subsequently, the bubbles collapse violently when pressure rises again. The sound produced by the octopus is like a gunshot, and distinct lights observed at the same time contradict the existence of a simple pressure wave and point to the possible presence of gas-bubbles, which would change the light intensity by reflection and refraction of the sunlight. This behaviour seems to be a defensive strategy to escape from vibration-sensitive predators.

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