scholarly journals Inclusion Complexes of Citronella Oil with β-Cyclodextrin for Controlled Release in Biofunctional Textiles

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Lis ◽  
Óscar García Carmona ◽  
Carlos García Carmona ◽  
Fabricio Maestá Bezerra
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Ultraviolet Region ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Toxic Reactions ◽  
Crosslinking Agents

Biofunctional textiles with integrated drug-delivery systems can help in the fight against vector-borne diseases. The use of repellent agents derived from plants and oils is an alternative to DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-methylbenzamide), which has disadvantages that include toxic reactions and skin damage. However, some researchers report that oils can be ineffective due to reasons related to uncontrolled release. In this work, the mechanism of control of citronella oil (OC) complexed with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) on cotton (COT) and polyester (PES) textiles was investigated. The results obtained reveal that finishing cotton and polyester with β-cyclodextrin complexes allows for control of the release mechanism of the drug from the fabric. To assess the complexes formed, optical microscopy, SEM, and FTIR were carried out; the yield of complex formation was obtained by spectroscopy in the ultraviolet region; and controlled release was performed in vitro. Oil complexation with βCD had a yield of 63.79%, and it was observed that the release, which was in seconds, moved to hours when applied to fabrics. The results show that complexes seem to be a promising basis when it comes to immobilizing oils and controlling their release when modified with chemical crosslinking agents.

Current Challenges in the Development of Vaccines and Drugs Against Emerging Vector-borne Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 2974-2986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-sun Kim
Keyword(s):  
New Host ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Living Organisms

Vectors are living organisms that transmit infectious diseases from an infected animal to humans or another animal. Biological vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sand flies carry pathogens that multiply within their bodies prior to delivery to a new host. The increased prevalence of Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs) such as Aedes-borne dengue, Chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV), malaria, Tick-Borne Disease (TBD), and scrub typhus has a huge impact on the health of both humans and livestock worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks place a considerable burden on public health. Vaccines, drugs, and vector control methods have been developed to prevent and treat VBDs and have prevented millions of deaths. However, development of such strategies is falling behind the rapid emergence of VBDs. Therefore, a comprehensive approach to fighting VBDs must be considered immediately. In this review, I focus on the challenges posed by emerging outbreaks of VBDs and discuss available drugs and vaccines designed to overcome this burden. Research into promising drugs needs to be upgraded and fast-tracked, and novel drugs or vaccines being tested in in vitro and in vivo models need to be moved into human clinical trials. Active preventive tactics, as well as new and upgraded diagnostics, surveillance, treatments, and vaccination strategies, need to be monitored constantly if we are to manage VBDs of medical importance.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Role of Polymer Blend in the Preparation of Acyclovir Controlled-Release Tablets: An Approach for Better Patient Compliance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barkat Khan ◽  
Faheem Haider ◽  
Kifayat Shah ◽  
Bushra Uzair ◽  
Kaijian Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Matrix Tablets ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
In Vitro Drug Release ◽  
Solubility Study ◽  
Release Data

This study was carried out to formulate and evaluate controlled release (CR) matrix tablets of Acyclovir using combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers. Acyclovir is a guanine derivative and is its half-life is short hence administered five times a day using immediate release tablets. Six formulations (F1-F6) were developed using Ethocel and Carbopol in equal combinations at drug-polymer (D:P) ratio of 10:5, 10:6, 10:7, 10:8, 10:9 and 10:10. Solubility study was performed using six different solvents. The compatibility studies were carried out using FTIR and DSC. According to USP, Quality Control and dimensional tests (hardness, friability, disintegration and thickness) were executed. In-vitro drug release studies of Acyclovir was carried out in dissolution apparatus using using 0.1 N HCl medium at constant temperature of 37 ± 0.5 ºC. In order to analyze the drug release kinetics, five different mathematical models were applied to the release data. The results showed that there was no incompatibility between drug and polymers. Physical QC tests were found within limits of USP. The release was retarded upto 24 hrs and non-fickian in-vitro drug release mechanism was found. A formulation developed using blend of polymers, showed excellent retention and desired release profiles thus providing absolute control for 24 hrs.

scholarly journals Immunization against a Conserved Surface Polysaccharide Stimulates Bovine Antibodies with Opsonic Killing Activity but Does Not Protect against Babesia bovis Challenge

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1598
Author(s):  
Naomi S. Taus ◽  
Colette Cywes-Bentley ◽  
Wendell C. Johnson ◽  
Gerald B. Pier ◽  
Lindsay M. Fry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Brain Capillary ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Killing Activity ◽  
Surface Polysaccharide ◽  
Vector Borne

Arthropod-borne apicomplexan pathogens remain a great concern and challenge for disease control in animals and humans. In order to prevent Babesia infection, the discovery of antigens that elicit protective immunity is essential to establish approaches to stop disease dissemination. In this study, we determined that poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) is conserved among tick-borne pathogens including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. microti, and Babesia WA1. Calves immunized with synthetic ß-(1→6)-linked glucosamine oligosaccharides conjugated to tetanus toxoid (5GlcNH2-TT) developed antibodies with in vitro opsonophagocytic activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Sera from immunized calves reacted to B. bovis. These results suggest strong immune responses against PNAG. However, 5GlcNH2-TT-immunized bovines challenged with B. bovis developed acute babesiosis with the cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes to brain capillary vessels. While this antigen elicited antibodies that did not prevent disease, we are continuing to explore other antigens that may mitigate these vector-borne diseases for the cattle industry.

Expression of MicroRNA of Macrophages Infected with Attenuated Leishmania major Parasite

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Feiz Haddad ◽  
Hossein Rezvan ◽  
Alireza Nourian ◽  
Habib Habibpour
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Objective Leishmaniasis has been proposed as one of the neglected vector-borne diseases due to an obligate intracellular parasite of the genus Leishmania. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) with a length of 22-nucleotide are known as the noncoding small RNAs. MiRNAs contribute to many biological and cellular approaches. Therefore, the present study evaluated expressing mmu-miR-721, mmu-miR-294–3p, mmu-miR-155–3p, and mmu-miR-30a in murine macrophages infected with attenuated Leishmania major parasites on 3 days after infection. Methods Attenuated promastigotes have been achieved after 20 passages of Leishmania major parasites. Cell line J774A.1 (murine macrophage) has been used for in vitro experiments. The stationary phase of attenuated L. major promastigotes has been chosen to infect the cells, and then their incubation has been performed with 5% CO2 at 37°C for 3 days. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has also been performed with SYBR Green master-mix Kit for measuring the level of mmu-miR-721, mmu-miR-294–3p, mmu-miR-30a, and mmu-miR-155-3p expression. Uninfected macrophages have been considered as a control group. Results Real-time PCR demonstrated overexpression of mmu-miR-155-3p, mmu-miR-294–3p, and, mmu-miR-721 in the infected cells with Leishmania parasites after 3 days. Results showed no statistically significant difference in the mmu-miR-30a expression between infected macrophages and the uninfected control group. Conclusion Our findings suggested the significant contribution of the alterations in the miRNA levels to the regulation of macrophage functions following the creation of intracellular parasites like Leishmania. These data could help to understand better the genes' expression in the host cells in the course of leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals FABRICATION OF SODIUM ALGINATE/GUM GHATTI IPN MICROBEADS INTERCALATED WITH KAOLIN NANO CLAY FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE OF CURCUMIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 233-241
Author(s):  
D. GANESH ◽  
P. SURESH ◽  
G. SRINIVAS RAO
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Fickian Diffusion ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Nano Clay ◽  
Gum Ghatti

Objective: The objective of this study is to fabricate sodium alginate (SA)/gum ghatti (GG) microbeads intercalated with Kaolin (KA) nano clay for the sustained release of curcumin (CUR). Methods: The microbeads were prepared by a simple ionotropic gelation technique. The developed beads were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Swelling studies and in vitro release studies were investigated under both pH 7.4 and pH 1.2 at 37 °C. Results: The developed microbeads were characterized by FTIR, which confirms the interaction between CUR, polymeric matrix and KA. DSC and XRD analysis reveals that the CUR has molecularly dispersed in the polymer matrix. In vitro results illustrated that microbeads were influenced by the pH of test media, which might be suitable for intestinal drug delivery. The drug release mechanism was analyzed by fitting the release data into different kinetic equations and n values are obtained in the range of 0.609-0.640, suggesting that the developed microbeads showed the non-Fickian diffusion type drug release. Conclusion: These results clearly illustrated that the developed KA intercalated polymeric microbeads are potential drug carriers for the controlled release of CUR.

scholarly journals Revealing the molecular interplay of curcumin as Culex pipiens Acetylcholine esterase 1 (AChE1) inhibitor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyashi Rao ◽  
Dweipayan Goswami ◽  
Rakesh M. Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Homology Modelling ◽  
Acetylcholine Esterase ◽  
Ache Inhibition ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Computational Screening ◽  
Vector Borne

AbstractEmergence of vector borne diseases has continued to take toll on millions of lives since its inception. The use of insecticides began as vector control strategy in the early 1900’s but the menace of insects is still prevalent. Additionally, the inadequate use of organophosphates and carbamates which target acetylcholine esterase (AChE), are known to develop resistance amongst vectors of transmission and are toxic to humans. In this study, extensive computational screening was performed using homology modelling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and free energy change calculation, which highlighted curcumin as a lead molecule out of ~ 1700 phytochemicals against Culex pipiens AChE. In vivo larvicidal activity was carried out along with in vivo and in vitro AChE inhibition assay to determine the biochemical efficacy of curcumin. Our study reveals that curcumin induces mortality in Cx. pipiens at an early stage of its life cycle by AChE inhibition. This also underlines the use of curcumin as a coming-age natural product insecticide.

Gelatin/Fibroin Hydrogel for Controlled Release of Human Dentin Matrix Extract

2012 ◽  
Vol 506 ◽  
pp. 505-508
Author(s):  
W. Anuchiracheewa ◽  
P. Pavasant ◽  
Sorada Kanokpanont
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Bone Cell ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Human Dentin ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Dentin Matrix

Dentin matrix extract (DME) was reported to induce differentiation of bone cell line MC3T3-E1, since it contained a number of growth factors. Human DME was prepared from human teeth milled under liquid nitrogen. The resulted powder was demineralized in 0.5M EDTA and the crude proteins were separated using dialysis. DME contained proteins with molecular weight in the range of 55-72 kDa and had Zeta-potential value at-10.53 ± 0.12 mV, and-13.53 ± 0.12 mV, in PBS (pH 7.5), and in deionized water (pH 5.5), respectively. Three types of hydrogel carriers were fabricated from gelatin and Thai silk fibroin (G:SF) at the weight ratio of 100:0, 70:30, and 50:50. Glutaraldehyde was used as crosslinker. The carriers had water absorption 90.43 ± 0.29 %, 87.73 ± 0.29 %, 86.60 ± 0.76 % by weight respectively.In vitrorelease experiment of DME from these carriers showed controlled-release mechanism. The G:SF 100:0 released the highest DME content within 48 h, while the G:SF 50:50 hardly released DME within 2 days. These results shows the G:SF system can be used for controlled-release for DME.

scholarly journals Modelling the Controlled Release of Toxins in a Rumen Environment

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Yuan ◽  
Gauthier ◽  
Hungerford ◽  
Ouwerkerk ◽  
Fletcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Future Design

Pimelea poisoning in grazing cattle, also known as St George or Marree Disease, has been a long-time pestilence for the pastoral industry throughout arid regions of inland Australia. The causative species Pimelea (Thymelaeaceae), native to Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia, have been confirmed, with the secondary metabolite simplexin, a daphnane orthoester, being extracted and identified as the principal toxin. Despite the lack of effective prevention or treatment for Pimelea poisoning, naïve calves have previously been demonstrated to develop detoxification capability following prolonged low-dose simplexin intake. A variety of composites are being fabricated by encapsulating Pimelea plant material or a crude extract in biodegradable and biocompatible polyesters, aiming to develop a sustained toxin release mechanism. Studies on screening potential rumen microflora able to decompose simplexin during rumen-fluid fermentation are being conducted simultaneously. In this project, a quantification method for simplexin within these biocomposites was developed and validated utilising solid-phase extraction combined with UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS/MS. Reliable simplexin measurement in matrices will allow investigations into the material composition, geometry and rumen microorganism’s effects on the controlled release kinetics of simplexin in vitro. The degradation patterns of toxin delivery systems when exposed to simulated rumen environments will also be thoroughly assessed on both microscopic and chemical scales. Mathematical models of the underlying mass transport mechanisms will ultimately be established through approaches ranging from simple empirical correlations to stochastic simulations, which hold the potential to facilitate future design, optimisation, and prediction of other intra-ruminal devices based on biodegradable polymers.

scholarly journals Blocking the Transmission of a Noncirculative Vector-Borne Plant Pathogenic Bacterium

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 535-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Labroussaa ◽  
Adam R. Zeilinger ◽  
Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Hypothetical Protein ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Vector Borne

The successful control of insect-borne plant pathogens is often difficult to achieve due to the ecologically complex interactions among pathogens, vectors, and host plants. Disease management often relies on pesticides and other approaches that have limited long-term sustainability. To add a new tool to control vector-borne diseases, we attempted to block the transmission of a bacterial insect-transmitted pathogen, the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, by disrupting bacteria–insect vector interactions. X. fastidiosa is known to attach to and colonize the cuticular surface of the mouthparts of vectors; a set of recombinant peptides was generated and the chemical affinities of these peptides to chitin and related carbohydrates was assayed in vitro. Two candidates, the X. fastidiosa hypothetical protein PD1764 and an N-terminal region of the hemagglutinin-like protein B (HxfB) showed affinity for these substrates. These proteins were provided to vectors via an artificial diet system in which insects acquire X. fastidiosa, followed by an inoculation access period on plants under greenhouse conditions. Both PD1764 and HxfAD1-3 significantly blocked transmission. Furthermore, bacterial populations within insects over a 10-day period demonstrated that these peptides inhibited cell adhesion to vectors but not bacterial multiplication, indicating that the mode of action of these peptides is restricted to limiting cell adhesion to insects, likely via competition for adhesion sites. These results open a new venue in the search for sustainable disease-control strategies that are pathogen specific and may have limited nontarget effects.

Controlled Release of Metformin Hydrochloride I. In vitro Release from Physical Mixture Containing Xanthan Gum as Hydrophilic Rate Retarding Polymer

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashkura Ashrafi ◽  
Jakir Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Md Selim Reza
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Metformin Hydrochloride ◽  
Model Drug ◽  
Very High

Capsules of different formulations were prepared by using a hydrophilic polymer, xanthan gum and a filler Ludipress. Metformin hydrochloride, which is an anti-diabetic agent, was used as a model drug here with the aim to formulate sustained release capsules. In the first 6 formulations, metformin hydrochloride and xanthan gum were used in different ratio. Later, Ludipress was added to the formulations in a percentage of 8% to 41%. The total procedure was carried out by physical mixing of the ingredients and filling in capsule shells of size ‘1’. As metformin hydrochloride is a highly water soluble drug, the dissolution test was done in 250 ml distilled water in a thermal shaker (Memmert) with a shaking speed of 50 rpm at 370C &plusmn 0.50C for 6 hours. After the dissolution, the data were treated with different kinetic models. The results found from the graphs and data show that the formulations follow the Higuchian release pattern as they showed correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 and the sustaining effect of the formulations was very high when the xanthan gum was used in a very high ratio with the drug. It was also investigated that the Ludipress extended the sustaining effect of the formulation to some extent. But after a certain period, Ludipress did not show any significant effect as the pores made by the xanthan gum network were already blocked. It is found here that when the metformin hydrochloride and the xanthan gum ratio was 1:1, showed a high percentage of drug release, i.e. 91.80% of drug was released after 6 hours. But With a xanthan gum and metformin hydrochloride ratio of 6:1, a very slow release of the drug was obtained. Only 66.68% of the drug was released after 6 hours. The percent loading in this case was 14%. Again, when Ludipress was used in high ratio, it was found to retard the release rate more prominently. Key words: Metformin Hydrochloride, Xanthan Gum, Controlled release capsule Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. Vol.4(1) 2005 The full text is of this article is available at the Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. website

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document