scholarly journals Putative Silicon Transporters and Effect of Temperature Stresses and Silicon Supplementation on Their Expressions and Tissue Silicon Content in Poinsettia

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 569
Author(s):  
Jiangtao Hu ◽  
Yali Li ◽  
Byoung Ryong Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temperature Stresses ◽  
Citrate Transporter ◽  
Transporter Family ◽  
Si Content

Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for plants. To understand Si uptake and accumulation in poinsettia, the Si transporters and their expression patterns were investigated. Nodulin 26-like intrinsic membrane proteins (NIPs) act as transporters of water and small solutes, including silicic acid. In this study, one NIP member, designated EpLsi1, was identified. Additionally, a protein from the citrate transporter family, designated EpLsi2, was identified. Sequence analyses indicated that EpLsi1 belonged to the NIP-I subgroup, which has a low Si uptake capacity. Consistently, the measured tissue Si content in the poinsettia was less than 1.73 ± 0.17 mg·g−1 dry weight, which was very low when compared to that in high Si accumulators. The expressions of EpLsi1 and EpLsi2 in poinsettia cuttings treated with 0 mg·L−1 Si decreased under temperature stresses. A short-term Si supplementation decreased the expressions of both EpLsi1 and EpLsi2 in the roots and leaves, while a long-term Si supplementation increased the expression of EpLsi1 in the leaves, bracts, and cyathia, and increased the expression of EpLsi2 in the roots and leaves. Tissue Si content increased in the roots of cuttings treated with 75 mg·L−1 Si at both 4 and 40 °C, indicating that the transport activities of the EpLsi1 were enhanced under temperature stresses. A long-term Si supplementation increased the tissue Si content in the roots of poinsettia treated with 75 mg·L−1 Si. Overall, poinsettia was a low Si accumulator, the expressions of Si transporters were down-regulated, and the tissue Si content increased with temperature stresses and Si supplementation. These results may help the breeding and commercial production of poinsettia.

Influence of temperature on the activity of anammox granular biomass

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 2518-2525 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sobotka ◽  
K. Czerwionka ◽  
J. Makinia
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Granular Biomass

The aim of this study was to determine a short-term and long-term effect of temperature on the anammox rate and determination of temperature coefficients in the Arrhenius and Ratkowsky equations. The short-term effects of temperature on the anammox granular biomass were investigated in batch tests at ten different temperatures in the range of 10–55 °C. The maximum overall nitrogen removal rate of 1.3 gN gVSS−1·d−1 was observed at 40 °C (VSS: volatile suspended solids). The minimum rate, close to 0 gN gVSS−1·d−1, was observed for the limits of the analyzed temperature range (10 and 55 °C). The activity tests carried out at 55 °C showed an irreversible loss of the activity due to the observed biomass lysis. Subsequently to the batch tests, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated at different temperatures (from 30 to 11 °C) to determine the long-term effects of temperature. The system was successfully operated at 15 °C, but when temperature was decreased to 11 °C, nitrite started to accumulate and the system lost its stability. The temperature coefficient (θ) was 1.07 for the batch tests carried out in the temperature range of 10–40 °C. In contrast, during the long-term SBR operation, substantially different θ had to be estimated for two temperature ranges, 1.07 (T = 15–30 °C) and 1.65 (T = 11–15 °C).

Effect of Preservation on the Weight of Marine Benthic Invertebrates

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Mills ◽  
Karin Pittman ◽  
Brent Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Biomass Determination ◽  
Marine Benthic Invertebrates

It would be convenient if preserved animals could be used to determine fresh-weight biomass. However, marine annelids, nematodes, bivalves, amphipods, and isopods all lost weight when preserved and stored in 70% isopropanol. In 10% formalin only bivalves lost weight significantly; the other groups showed evidence of small increases or decreases. Many animals preserved in alcohol decreased sharply in weight within a few minutes, probably due to dehydration. In formalin most increased at first, then slowly decreased. The response to preservatives is complex, involving short-term changes of water content and long-term changes of tissue composition. Precision, though not accuracy, of preserved wet weights can only be achieved after specimens have been in preservatives for a month or more, especially in the case of isopropanol. For these reasons, wet and dry weight biomass figures should be determined from fresh, unpreserved animals.Key words: fixation, preservation (organisms), biomass determination, benthos

scholarly journals Impact of temperature on short- and long-term aging of asphalt binders

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily D. Poulikakos ◽  
Bernhard Hofko ◽  
Laurent Porot ◽  
Xiaohu Lu ◽  
Hartmut Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Softening Point ◽  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Needle Penetration ◽  
Reduced Temperature

Properties of asphalt concrete after aging are important parameters in determining the long-term performance of these materials. With the popularity of reduced temperature mixtures the question remains how this reduced temperature in short-term aging affects the long-term properties. This paper focuses on developing a robust and fundamental understanding of the effect of temperature on aging by connecting the chemistry of bitumen to its mechanics. To this end, round robin experiments are being currently conducted within 8 laboratories using four binders of the same grade 70/100 pen from different crude sources. In developing chemo-mechanical characterization techniques at the nano- and micro-scale, the material’s variability from crude-source to crude-source and its sensitivity to temperature needs to be taken into consideration. Furthermore, the development of uniform specimen preparation procedures for these bituminous materials at the nano- and micro-structural level is the focus. The chemical characterization is performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For the mechanical characterization rheological data is used using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) as well as conventional tests, e.g. needle penetration and softening point using the ring and ball method. It is shown that the short-term aging temperature affects the increase in softening point, while the consequent effect on long term aging is less pronounced.

scholarly journals Use of Alternative Containers for Long- and Short-term Greenhouse Crop Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Conneway ◽  
Sven Verlinden ◽  
Andrew K. Koeser ◽  
Michael Evans ◽  
Rebecca Schnelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Puncture Strength

While research on the use of alternative containers for greenhouse production is growing, most studies have focused on a limited number of types of alternative containers and primarily on short-term greenhouse crops. With the recent release of several new bioplastic alternatives, comparisons to established alternative containers and production of longer rotation ornamental crops should be investigated. Our work, therefore, investigates the performance of ten commercially available alternative containers and their effects on both a short-term ‘Sunpatiens Compacta’ impatiens (Impatiens ×hybrida) and a long-term greenhouse crop ‘Elegans Ice’ lavender (Lavendula angustifolia) at four different locations. Results indicated that plant growth in terms of dry weight differed by container at most locations. Combined analysis of all locations showed that only straw and a bioplastic sleeve outperformed plastic pots in terms of shoot dry weight and then only after 12 weeks of production. Leachate pH, but not electrical conductivity (EC), varied by container in both the short- and long-term crop with alternative containers made from composted cow manure and peat showing consistently higher and lower pH readings, respectively. Postharvest container strength varied significantly by container, with the plastic control maintaining the highest puncture resistance after both 6 and 12 weeks, in some instances matched by the puncture strength of coconut fiber pots. Some alternative containers, in particular, wood, manure, and peat showed algal growth after 6 and 12 weeks of greenhouse production. We conclude that while some alternative containers were linked to increased growth, most showed growth equal to the plastic control, and could therefore make appropriate alternatives to plastic pots. However, changes in pH, low puncture strengths after production, higher denesting times, and algal growth on manure, wood, and peat may make these pots less desirable alternatives than other pots under investigation. However, other factors not studied here, such as compostability, biodegradability in the landscape, water use, consumer preference, aesthetics, compatibility with mechanized operations, and cost may also need to be taken into account when deciding on an appropriate container for greenhouse production.

scholarly journals Silicon Fertilization Affects Growth of Hybrid Phalaenopsis Orchid Liners

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagner A. Vendrame ◽  
Aaron J. Palmateer ◽  
Ania Pinares ◽  
Kimberly A. Moore ◽  
Lawrence E. Datnoff
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Silicon Fertilization ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Control Water

Experiments were conducted during two different time periods to determine if hybrid phalaenopsis orchid (Phalaenopsis spp.) liners accumulate silicon (Si) and if this element can affect liner growth. A total of 800 liners were evaluated and Si fertilization was performed by applying potassium silicate (KSiO3) as a drench with three treatments (0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% v/v) and a control (water, no Si fertilization). The application of KSiO3 affected overall growth of phalaenopsis orchid liners, where Si content of the plant ranged from 0.5% to 1.7%. Overall, Si applied at 0.5% and 1.0% increased fresh weight and dry weight (DW) and at 1.0% Si significantly increased DW of root, shoot, and whole plant over the control. Increases in DW ranged from 27% up to 118%. Results from the second experiment were similar. Other plant parameters evaluated such as leaf number and size, root number, and length were unaffected by Si application. Although leaves of phalaenopsis orchid liners treated with Si appeared darker green when compared with the control, no significant differences were observed in chlorophyll content of leaves. Reduced growth was observed when 2.0% Si was applied affecting Si tissue concentrations and substrate electric conductivity. The data obtained from this study indicate that hybrid phalaenopsis orchid liners are Si accumulators and that this element influences their growth. Further studies are warranted to address the long-term effects of Si fertilization on the complete life cycle of hybrid phalaenopsis orchids.

The response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover to temperature

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
EAN Greenwood ◽  
BA Carbon ◽  
RC Rossiter ◽  
JD Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Reproductive Phases ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

The objective was to characterize the response of Trifolium subterraneum L. (cv. Daliak) swards to short-term and to long-term changes in temperature at several stages of plant growth. Short-term responses were studied with microswards growing in boxes in the open and defoliated every week to simulate heavy grazing. At seven stages, one subsample of boxes was harvested and three other subsamples were moved to controlled-temperature glasshouses and grown for 14 days at 10/5° (day/night), 17.5/12.5° and 25/20°C respectively, and then harvested. Dry weights and numbers of plant parts, and areas of leaves, height, light penetration and net carbon dioxide exchange of swards were measured. For long-term responses, young, defoliated microswards were transferred to the above temperatures for 9 weeks and cut weekly. On days 32 (pre-treatment harvest), 53, 74 and 95, tops and roots were harvested. The results support three generalizations. Firstly, severely defoliated subterranean clover pastures respond to temperature between 10/5° and 25/20° in a variety of ways over the whole life cycle. However, temperature is of greater importance as a determinant of dry weight of tops during the post-emergence and reproductive phases than it is during the preflowering phase. Secondly, total growth rate (TGR) after the first 8–10 weeks of growth does not increase at temperatures above 10/5°. And thirdly, even with moderately low LAI values of 1–4, temperatures of 25/20° can inhibit TGR after about 8 weeks of growth. The biological and agricultural implications are discussed.

Nitrification with Biofilms on Small Suspended Particles in Airlift Reactors

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 2207-2211 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Tijhuis ◽  
M. C. M. van Loosdrecht ◽  
J. J. Heijnen
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
N Loading

The development of nitrifying biofilms and short and long term influences on the nitrification process were studied in a Biofilm-Airlift-Suspension-reactor. The studied changes are (i) startup of nitrification reactor at different dilution rates, (ii) the effect of temperature on N-oxidation capacity, (iii) the short term effect of N-loading rate on conversion to determine the nitrification overcapacity and (iv) long term effect of N-loading rate on conversion to determine the maximum nitrification capacity in this reactor system. It is shown that the specific nitrification capacity during start-up is constant, 1 g N/(gorg.mat. d), which is high compared to the activated sludge process. The influence of the temperature on the nitrification rate is much less than can be expected from pure culture experiments. On a short term there is only a small nitrification overcapacity in the reactor. The maximum nitrification rate during these experiments was 6 kg N/(m3 d), which is very high compared to the activated sludge process.

The expression patterns of plasma membrane aquaporins in leaves of sugar beet and its halophyte relative, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, in response to salt stress

Biologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Skorupa-Kłaput ◽  
Joanna Szczepanek ◽  
Katarzyna Kurnik ◽  
Andrzej Tretyn ◽  
Jarosław Tyburski
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Treatment

AbstractSalt tolerance is largely dependent on a plant’s ability to maintain optimal water status in leaves. The adjustment of water relations under salinity involves changes in the transcriptional activity of genes encoding plasma membrane aquaporins (PIPs). Here, we report the effects of long-term or short-term treatments with moderate or strong salt stress on the expression of BvPIP1;1, BvPIP2;1 and BvPIP2;2 in the leaves of sugar beet, Beta vulgaris cv. Huzar, and its halophyte relative, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Plants subjected to long-term treatment were watered with salt-supplemented media during a 32 day long culture period. Short-term salt treatments were executed either by immersing the petioles of excised leaves into salt solutions for 48h, or incubating excised leaf blades in salt-supplemented media for 20h. B. vulgaris ssp. maritima reacted to long-term salt treatment with a decrease in BvPIP1;1, BvPIP2;1 and BvPIP2;2 expression. Contrastingly, only BvPIP2;2 transcript was down-regulated by salinity in leaves of B. vulgaris cv. Huzar, whereas BvPIP1;1 and BvPIP2;1 did not vary in response to salt-treatments. On the other hand, the expression of BvPIP1;1, BvPIP2;1 and BvPIP2;2 was enhanced by salinity if salt solutions was supplied through leaf petioles, irrespective of genotype. PIP expression in excised leaf blades revealed a complex pattern of changes. BvPIP1;1 and BvPIP2;1 expression underwent a period of transient increase in both the control and salt-treated leaves. Furthermore, BvPIP1;1 expression was enhanced by strong salinity. BvPIP2;2 expression was up-regulated by strong salinity or up- or down-regulated by moderate salinity during the treatment period.

scholarly journals Impact of high pCO2 and warmer temperatures on the process of silica biomineralization in the sponge Mycale grandis

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 704-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Vicente ◽  
Nyssa J. Silbiger ◽  
Billie A. Beckley ◽  
Charles W. Raczkowski ◽  
Russell T. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Siliceous Sponges

Abstract Siliceous sponges have survived pre-historical mass extinction events caused by ocean acidification and recent studies suggest that siliceous sponges will continue to resist predicted increases in ocean acidity. In this study, we monitored silica biomineralization in the Hawaiian sponge Mycale grandis under predicted pCO2 and sea surface temperature scenarios for 2100. Our goal was to determine if spicule biomineralization was enhanced or repressed by ocean acidification and thermal stress by monitoring silica uptake rates during short-term (48 h) experiments and comparing biomineralized tissue ratios before and after a long-term (26 d) experiment. In the short-term experiment, we found that silica uptake rates were not impacted by high pCO2 (1050 µatm), warmer temperatures (27°C), or combined high pCO2 with warmer temperature (1119 µatm; 27°C) treatments. The long-term exposure experiments revealed no effect on survival or growth rates of M. grandis to high pCO2 (1198 µatm), warmer temperatures (25.6°C), or combined high pCO2 with warmer temperature (1225 µatm, 25.7°C) treatments, indicating that M. grandis will continue to prosper under predicted increases in pCO2 and sea surface temperature. However, ash-free dry weight to dry weight ratios, subtylostyle lengths, and silicified weight to dry weight ratios decreased under conditions of high pCO2 and combined pCO2 warmer temperature treatments. Our results show that rising ocean acidity and temperature have marginal negative effects on spicule biomineralization and will not affect sponge survival rates of M. grandis.

scholarly journals Pruning Severity Affects Yield, Berry Weight, and Hand Harvest Efficiency of Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadine Strik ◽  
Gil Buller ◽  
Edward Hellman
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Berry Weight ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Harvest Efficiency ◽  
Fruit Harvest

The following pruning treatments were studied in mature `Bluecrop' (1996-2000) and `Berkeley' (1996-98) plants: 1) “conventional” pruning with removal of unproductive canes, thinning of 1-year-old shoots at the base of the bush, and removal of any unproductive wood or thinning of excessive fruiting wood near the top of the bush, as required; 2) “speed” pruning involving removal of one or two of the most unproductive canes at the base of the bush; and 3) “un-pruned” where no pruning was done for the length of this study. Conventional pruning took an average of 6.4 min/plot, while speed pruning saved 88.8% time. There was no pruning treatment effect on the percentage of fruit buds in `Berkeley' (42%) or `Bluecrop' (34%) or percent fruit set (70% to 90%, depending on cultivar and year) in any year. Un-pruned plants of both cultivars had significantly greater yield than conventionally pruned plants, depending on the year, while speed pruning generally resulted in intermediate yields. Un-pruned and speed-pruned plants produced berries that were 19% to 27% smaller than conventionally pruned plants, depending on year. The fruit harvest season of un-pruned plants began 3 to 5 days later and lasted a week longer than that of conventionally pruned plants. The harvest efficiency of un-pruned plants was reduced as much as 51% in the later years of this study and was most closely correlated with berry weight. Conventionally pruned plants had a significantly higher percentage of the above-ground dry weight allocated to 1-year-old wood and crown than un-pruned plants. In `Bluecrop', N concentration tended to be higher in the crown of conventionally pruned plants than in un-pruned or speed-pruned plants. Conventionally pruned `Bluecrop' plants had significantly higher concentrations of K and P and lower N than un-pruned plants and `Berkeley' had lower concentrations of N, than un-pruned plants. Results indicate that not pruning mature plants may be an option in the short-term, but may have undesirable effects for long-term sustainability.

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