scholarly journals Phenylalanine and Tyrosine as Exogenous Precursors of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Secondary Metabolism through PAL-Associated Pathways

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Feduraev ◽  
Liubov Skrypnik ◽  
Anastasiia Riabova ◽  
Artem Pungin ◽  
Elina Tokupova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Number Of Genes

Reacting to environmental exposure, most higher plants activate secondary metabolic pathways, such as the metabolism of phenylpropanoids. This pathway results in the formation of lignin, one of the most important polymers of the plant cell, as well as a wide range of phenolic secondary metabolites. Aromatic amino acids, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, largely stimulate this process, determining two ways of lignification in plant tissues, varying in their efficiency. The current study analyzed the effect of phenylalanine and tyrosine, involved in plant metabolism through the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) pathway, on the synthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds, as well as lignin by means of the expression of a number of genes responsible for its biosynthesis, based on the example of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The biology and ecology of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its implications for trait confinement

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 997-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Willenborg ◽  
R. C. Van Acker
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trait Confinement

This review summarizes the biological and ecological factors of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that contribute to trait movement including the ability to volunteer, germination and establishment characteristics, breeding system, pollen movement, and hybridization potential. Although wheat has a short-lived seedbank with a wide range of temperature and moisture requirements for germination and no evidence of secondary dormancy, volunteer wheat populations are increasing in relative abundance and some level of seed persistence in the soil has been observed. Hexaploid wheat is predominantly self-pollinating with cleistogamous flowers and pollen viability under optimal conditions of only 0.5 h, yet observations indicate that pollen-mediated gene flow can and will occur at distances up to 3 km and is highly dependent on prevailing wind patterns. Hybridization with wild relatives such as A. cylindrica Host., Secale cereale L., and Triticum turgidum L. is a serious concern in regions where these species grow in field margins and unmanaged lands, regardless of which genome the transgene is located on. More research is needed to determine the long-term population dynamics of volunteer wheat populations before conclusions can be drawn with regard to their role in trait movement. Seed movement has the potential to create adventitious presence (AP) on a larger scale than pollen, and studies tracing the movement of wheat seed in the grain handling system are needed. Finally, the development of mechanistic models that predict landscape-level trait movement are required to identify transgene escape routes and critical points for gene containment in various cropping systems. Key words: Triticum, coexistence, gene flow, genetically-engineered, herbicide-resistant, trait confinement

Compared Two Methods for Isolating RNA from Freezing and Nonfreezing Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) Plant Tissues

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shahrokhab ◽  
R.T. Afshari ◽  
H. Alizade ◽  
J.T. Afshari ◽  
G.R. Javadi
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Plant Tissues

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of polygalacturonase family highlights candidate genes related to pollen development and male fertility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiali Ye ◽  
Xuetong Yang ◽  
Zhiquan Yang ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Segmental Duplications ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background: Polygalacturonase (PG) belongs to a large family of hydrolases with important functions in cell separation during plant growth and development via the degradation of pectin. The specific expression of PG genes in anthers may be significant for male sterility research and hybrid wheat breeding, but it has not been characterized in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results: We systematically studied the PG gene family using the latest published wheat reference genomic information. In total, 113 wheat PG genes were identified and renamed as TaPG01–113 based on their chromosomal positions. The PG genes are unequally distributed on 21 chromosomes and classified according to six categories from A–F. Analysis of the gene structures and conserved motifs demonstrated that the Class C and D TaPGs have relatively short gene sequences and a small number of introns. Class E TaPGs are the least conserved and lack conserved domain III. Polyploidy and segmental duplications in wheat were mainly responsible for the expansion of the wheat PG gene family. Predictions of cis-elements indicate that TaPGs have a wide range of functions, including the responses to light, hypothermia, anaerobic conditions, and hormonal stimulation, as well as being involved in meristematic tissue expression. RNA-seq showed that TaPGs have specific temporal and spatial expression characteristics. Twelve spike-specific TaPGs were screened using RNA-seq data and verified by qRT-PCR in the sterile and fertile anthers of thermo-sensitive male-sterile wheat. Four important candidate genes were identified as involved in the male fertility determination process. In fertile anthers, TaPG09 may be involved in the separation of pollen. TaPG87 and TaPG95 could play important roles in anther dehiscence. TaPG93 may be related to pollen development and pollen tube elongation. Conclusions: We analyzed the wheat PG gene family and identified four important TaPGs with differential expression levels in the wheat fertility conversion process. Our findings may facilitate functional investigations of the wheat PG gene family and provide new insights into the fertility conversion mechanism in male-sterile wheat.

Phenotype characterisation and analysis of expression patterns of genes related mainly to carbohydrate metabolism and sporopollenin in male-sterile anthers induced by high temperature in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongzhan Liu ◽  
Junsheng Wang ◽  
Chaoqiong Li ◽  
Lin Qiao ◽  
Xueqin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Tetrad Stage ◽  
Expression Levels

Male reproductive development in higher plants is highly sensitive to various stressors, including high temperature (HT). In this study, physiological male-sterile plants of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were established using HT induction. The physiological changes and expression levels of genes mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism and sporopollenin in male-sterile processes were studied by using biological techniques, including iodine–potassium iodide staining, paraffin sectioning, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent quantitative analysis. Results of paraffin sectioning and SEM revealed that parts of HT male-sterile anthers, including the epidermis and tapetum, were remarkably different from those of normal anthers. The expression levels of TaSUT1, TaSUT2, IVR1 and IVR5 were significantly lower than of normal anthers at the early microspore and trinucleate stages. The RAFTIN1 and TaMS26 genes may contribute to biosynthesis and proper ‘fixation’ of sporopollenin in the development of pollen wall; however, their expression levels were significantly higher at the early tetrad stage and early microspore stage in HT sterile anthers. The recently cloned MS1 gene was expressed at the early tetrad and early microspore stages but not at the trinucleate stage. Moreover, this gene showed extremely significant, high expression in HT sterile anthers compared with normal anthers. These results demonstrate that HT induction of wheat male sterility is probably related to the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and sporopollenin metabolism. This provides a theoretical basis and technological approach for further studies on the mechanisms of HT induction of male sterility.

scholarly journals Stimulation of lignin synthesis via the PAL-associated metabolic pathway in wheat plants (Tríticum aestívum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 02017
Author(s):  
Pavel Feduraev ◽  
Artem Pungin ◽  
Anastasiia Riabova ◽  
Elina Tokupova ◽  
Liubov Skrypnik
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Stimulation Of

The paper demonstrates an approach to increasing the accumulation of lignin in plants of soft wheat (Tríticum aestívum L.) at the early stages of ontogenesis, by means of substrate stimulation of the key enzyme of the synthesis of phenylpropanoids – phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase. It was shown that plants grown on nutrient media containing phenialanine or tyrosine at a concentration of 500 μM significantly increased the lignin content of cell walls compared to controls.

Genes for stem rust resistance in Thatcher wheat

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003-1008
Author(s):  
D R Knott
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
The Common

The common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Thatcher has resistance to many of the older races of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & Henn.). Several genetic studies have shown that its resistance is complex in inheritance. To attempt to clarify the inheritance, 28 lines, each believed to carry a single resistance gene from Thatcher, were developed. The lines were tested with 13 races of stem rust. They fell into 13 types with resistance to from 1 to 11 races. Of the five genes previously identified in Thatcher, only two, Sr9g, and Sr12, were present in the lines. Four lines carried named genes, Sr6, Sr7a, Sr8a and S9d, which had not previously been detected in Thatcher. Thatcher is resistant to 8 of the 13 races. At least one line was resistant to each of the 13 races, including the five to which Thatcher is susceptible. Eleven of the 13 types of lines were resistant to race MCCD to which Thatcher is resistant. Seven of the types were resistant to race TMRT(15B-1) to which Thatcher is susceptible. Clearly, the inheritance of resistance in Thatcher is very complex and involves a considerable number of genes. It carries a surprising number of genes that appear to be hidden by the presence of suppressor genes or transposons.Key words: Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, Puccinia graminis, suppressors, tansposons

Molecular diversity and genetic structure of modern and traditional landrace cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsh Raman ◽  
B. J. Stodart ◽  
Colin Cavanagh ◽  
M. Mackay ◽  
Matthew Morell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Improvement Programs

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops of the world. In order to achieve continued genetic gain in wheat improvement programs, an assessment and utilisation of genetic diversity in a wide range of germplasm are required. The Australian Winter Cereal Collection (AWCC, Tamworth) holds over 33 000 accessions of wheat. In this study, we scanned the genome of 1057 accessions of hexaploid common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) originating from different geographic regions of the world, with 178 polymorphic DArT™ markers. These accessions comprised modern cultivars (MCs), advanced breeding lines (BLs), and landrace cultivars (LCs). Our results indicate that the LCs had higher polymorphic information content (PIC values) than the MCs and BLs. Cluster and principal coordinate analysis based on genetic distance matrices enabled classification of the 1057 accessions into 12 subgroups. The structure of subgroups appeared to be geographically determined and was generally consistent with pedigrees. Molecular analyses revealed that LCs have unique alleles compared with MCs and BLs, which may be useful for the genetic improvement of wheat.

scholarly journals Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) Genes Family in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Profiling

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2511
Author(s):  
Fatima Rasool ◽  
Muhammad Uzair ◽  
Muhammad Kashif Naeem ◽  
Nazia Rehman ◽  
Amber Afroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway and plays a vital role in adoption, growth, and development in plants but in wheat its characterization is still not very clear. Here, we report a genome-wide identification of TaPAL genes and analysis of their transcriptional expression, duplication, and phylogeny in wheat. A total of 37 TaPAL genes that cluster into three subfamilies have been identified based on phylogenetic analysis. These TaPAL genes are distributed on 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 4A, 5B, 6A, 6B, and 6D chromosomes. Gene structure, conserved domain analysis, and investigation of cis-regulatory elements were systematically carried out. Chromosomal rearrangements and gene loss were observed by evolutionary analysis of the orthologs among Triticum urartu, Aegilops tauschii, and Triticum aestivum during the origin of bread wheat. Gene ontology analysis revealed that PAL genes play a role in plant growth. We also identified 27 putative miRNAs targeting 37 TaPAL genes. The high expression level of PAL genes was detected in roots of drought-tolerant genotypes compared to drought-sensitive genotypes. However, very low expressions of TaPAL10, TaPAL30, TaPAL32, TaPAL3, and TaPAL28 were recorded in all wheat genotypes. Arogenate dehydratase interacts with TaPAL29 and has higher expression in roots. The analysis of all identified genes in RNA-seq data showed that they are expressed in roots and shoots under normal and abiotic stress. Our study offers valuable data on the functioning of PAL genes in wheat.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Salinity Tolerant Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes through Multivariate Analysis of Agronomic Traits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahmidul Ashik ◽  
Md. Moshiul Islam ◽  
Md. Sohel Rana ◽  
Khurshida Jahan ◽  
Tahmina Akter Urmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Thousand Seed Weight

Background: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the second major global cereals mostly grown in winter season which led wheat plants to suffer with salinity stress. Twenty to thirty percent of the arable land of the world is present in the saline area. Therefore, it is necessary to develop salinity tolerant wheat varieties to meet the future food demand. Methods: A field experiment was carried out during November 2018 to March 2019 to observe the effect of salinity on yield and other desired plant characters and finally screening of wheat genotypes for salinity tolerance. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design containing three treatments with three replications. The treatments were three levels of salinity such as control, 8 dS m-1 and 15 dS m-1. Multivariate and principal components analysis was executed to evaluate yield and other plant characters. Result: The results of the experiment revealed that different plant characters showed wide range of variation under different salinity levels. Biplot analysis considering PC1 and PC2 revealed that grain yield was positively correlated with grain spike-1, spike length, thousand seed weight and total tiller plant-1. Correlation study also revealed that total tiller plant-1, spikelet spike-1, grain spike-1 and thousand seed weight showed significant and positive relation with grain yield plant-1. On the basis of yield reduction percent and yield the genotypes G12 (2.51 g), G16 (2.49 g) and G4 (2.19 g) were found suitable for 15 dS m-1 salinity.

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