scholarly journals Symbionts as Filters of Plant Colonization of Islands: Tests of Expected Patterns and Environmental Consequences in the Galapagos

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Jessica Duchicela ◽  
James D. Bever ◽  
Peggy A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Island Flora

The establishments of new organisms that arrive naturally or with anthropogenic assistance depend primarily on local conditions, including biotic interactions. We hypothesized that plants that rely on fungal symbionts are less likely to successfully colonize remote environments such as oceanic islands, and this can shape subsequent island ecology. We analyzed the mycorrhizal status of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos flora compared with the mainland Ecuador flora of origin. We experimentally determined plant responsiveness and plant–soil feedback of the island flora and assessed mycorrhizal density and soil aggregate stability of island sites. We found that a greater proportion of the native island flora species belongs to families that typically do not associate with mycorrhizal fungi than expected based upon the mainland flora of origin and the naturalized flora of the island. Native plants benefited significantly less from soil fungi and had weaker negative soil feedbacks than introduced species. This is consistent with the observation that field sites dominated by native plant species had lower arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal density and lower soil aggregate stability than invaded field sites at the island. We found support for a mycorrhizal filter to the initial colonization of the Galapagos.

scholarly journals Do different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect the formation and stability of soil aggregates?

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisângela Viana Barbosa ◽  
Daniela de Fátima Pedroso ◽  
Nilton Curi ◽  
Marco Aurélio Carbone Carneiro
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Porous Space ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Soil structure, which is defined by the arrangement of the particles and the porous space forming aggregates, is one of the most important properties of the soil. Among the biological factors that influence the formation and stabilization of soil aggregates, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are distinguished due to extrarradicular hyphae and glomalin production. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate different AMF (Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora longula, Acaulospora morrowiae, Paraglomus occultum and Gigaspora margarita) associated with Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf on soil aggregate stability. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design, using an Oxisol and autoclaved sand 2:1 (v/v), with seven treatments: five AMF; and treatments with plants without inoculation and with only the soil, with 5 replicates. The experiment was conducted during 180 days and the following variables were evaluated: mycelium total length (TML); production of easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in the soil and aggregate classes; stability of the dry and immersed in water aggregates through the mean geometric diameter (MGD) and the mean weighted diameter (MWD) of aggregates; and the soil aggregate stability index (ASI). It was observed that the inoculation favored soil aggregation, with a high incidence of A. colombiana, which presented the highest MGD, TML and GRSP production in the aggregates with Ø>2.0mm and for A. colombiana and A. morrowiae in the aggregates with Ø<0.105 mm, when compared to the treatment without inoculation. These results show that there is a distinction between the effects of different AMF on the formation and stability of soil aggregates.

scholarly journals Accumulation of glomalin-related soil protein benefits to soil carbon sequestration with tropical coastal forest restoration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Lingling Ma ◽  
Xinhua He ◽  
Zhanfeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Barren Land ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Protein

Reforestation is widely used to restore degraded infertile soils in the coastal area. Substantial attention has been paid to the functioning of AMF in vegetation restoration because arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered beneficial to this process. However, little is known about the effect of AMF product, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration during the forest restoration. We conducted a study in a tropical region where the native forest has been seriously deforested with only a few grasses and then a series of restoration approaches have been made to restore the forest ecosystem. The study sites include a barren land (BL), a Eucalyptus exserta planted forest (EF), a mixed broadleaved forest (MF) and a secondary natural forest (SF), which represents the un-, early-, middle- and late-restoration stage, respectively. The results showed that the restoration increased EE-GRSP and T-GRSP by 3.9-12.3 times and 1.9-4.6 times compared with the barren land, respectively. The proportion of GRSP in SOC is 1.6-2.0% (EE-GRSP/SOC) and 6.5-15.8% (T-GRSP/SOC), respectively. Also, a significantly positive relationship was found between the proportion of GRSP in SOC and recalcitrant SOC composition percentage (aromatic C), as well as between GRSP and soil aggregate stability. These results together suggest that the restoration of the degraded tropical forest is beneficial to soil C sequestration with the accumulation of GRSP, most likely, through an improvement of the soil aggregate stability and increase of the proportion of recalcitrant soil C chemical composition.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alter Plant Growth, Soil Aggregate Stability, and Rhizospheric Organic Carbon Pools of Citrus

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 3063-3066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Ming Huang ◽  
Qiang Sheng Wu ◽  
Yan Li
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Carbon Pools ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Citrus Junos

The effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, on plant growth, soil aggregate stability, and rhizosphere carbon pools of young Citrus junos seedings were investigated with potted experiment in greenhouse. After three months of mycorrhizal inoculation, root colonization was 54.25%. Inoculation with G. mosseae significantly promoted plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and shoot and root fresh weights. Colonization by G. mosseae significantly increased soil aggregate stability of the citrus rhizosphere through increase of mean weight diameter. G. mosseae could release a specific glycoprotein viz. glomalin into the rhizosphere as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). Meanwhile, mycorrhizal colonization was significantly positively correlated with two GRSP fractions. In stabilization of aggregate stability, in GRSP fractions only easy extractable -GRSP might contribute the role. The mycorrhizal symbiosis could increase soil organic carbon, hot-water extractable carbohydrates, and hydrolyzed carbohydrates concentrations, but the differences were not significant. Combined with the correlation analysis, it suggests that GRPS did not significantly regulate rhizospheric carbon pools, due to the short treated time (only 3 months).

scholarly journals Tillage or no-tillage: Impact on mycorrhizae

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahangir Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Fungal Propagules

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous in agricultural soils. These fungi play important roles in plant nutrition and soil conservation. The persistence of AM fungi in ecosystems depends on the formation and survival of propagules (e.g., spore, hyphae and colonized roots). While spores are considered to be resistant structure that may be view as “long-term” propagules when viable host plants are not present, hyphae are considered to be the main source of inocula when host plants are present and the soil is not disturbed. Tillage is an integral part of modern agriculture that can modify the physical, chemical and biological properties of a soil. Consequently, tillage practices may also affect AM fungi. The various tillage practices used in the management of soil for maximum crop production may negatively impact the survival of AM fungal propagules. In tilled soil, certain AM species may survive while others may disappear. Because AM fungi are more abundant in the topsoil, deep plowing may dilute their propagules in a greater volume of soil, thereby reducing the level of infection of a plant root. Tillage is particularly detrimental to AM hyphae if the soil is tilled in the fall and the hyphae are detached from the host plant. Under no-till (NT), AM fungi survive better, particularly when they are close to the host crop on which they developed. There is speculation that in NT systems, plants may follow old root channels and potentially encounter more AM fungal propagules than plants growing in soil that has been tilled. Management of AM fungi in NT soil is essential to maximizing benefits to crops. This review reports how tillage practices affect AM fungi species richness, survivability and infectivity, and how conservation tillage can increase AM fungi survival, consequently improving plant phosphorus uptake and soil aggregate stability. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, conservation tillage, conventional tillage, P uptake, soil aggregate stability, cover crops, crop yield

scholarly journals Potential Selection of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Indigenous Ultisols through the Production of Glomalin

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
. Eddiwal ◽  
Amrizal Saidi ◽  
Ismon Lenin ◽  
Eti Farda Husin ◽  
Azwar Rasyidin
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Glomus Versiforme ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Colonization Ability ◽  
Selection Of

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( AMF ) with plants able to increase the capacity of plants to absorb nutrients and water from the soil. Recently, research was indicated that AMF hyphae containing glomalin as a glycoprotein that serves to unify the dispersed soil particles. The content of glomalin in soil is positively correlated with soil aggregate stability. The research potential of AMF species indigenous of Ultisol Darmasraya District of West Sumatra and glomalin production in experimental pots of sterile sand medium has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of AMF species on Ultisol and to seeking indigenous AMF isolates that had the best glomalin production capability. AMF spores were isolated and identified from the rhizosphere soil of corn in Ultisol. AMF species that had been identified experimentally were tested in culture medium pot of sand and zeolite (w / w 1:1) using corn crops. The results found nine of the AMF species indigenous of Ultisol Darmasraya, namely Acaulospora scrobiculata, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus luteum, Glomus mosseae, Glomus verruculosum, Glomus versiforme, Scutellospora gregaria, Scutellospora heterogama and Gigaspora sp. AMF species that showed better colonization ability in corn was G. luteum, G. verruculosum and G. versiforme. All three species produced glomalin significantly higher than the other species, i.e. 1.29 mg g-1; 1.17 mg g-1; 1.15 mg g-1, respectively. [How to Cite: Eddiwal, A Saidi, I Lenin, EF Husin and A Rasyidin. 2014. Potential Selection of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Indigenous Ultisols through the Production of Glomalin. J Trop Soils 19: 181-189. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014.19.3.181]   

Dynamics of soil aggregate stability as induced by potassium in a soil-plant system

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Surachet Aramrak ◽  
Natthapol Chittamart ◽  
Worachart Wisawapipat ◽  
Wutthida Rattanapichai ◽  
Mutchima Phun-Iam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Plant System

scholarly journals Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon and Labile Carbon Fractions in Soil Aggregates Affected by Different Tillage Managements

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1541
Author(s):  
Xiaolin Shen ◽  
Lili Wang ◽  
Qichen Yang ◽  
Weiming Xiu ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Labile Carbon ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Positive Effects

Our study aimed to provide a scientific basis for an appropriate tillage management of wheat-maize rotation system, which is beneficial to the sustainable development of agriculture in the fluvo-aquic soil areas in China. Four tillage treatments were investigated after maize harvest, including rotary tillage with straw returning (RT), deep ploughing with straw returning (DP), subsoiling with straw returning (SS), and no tillage with straw mulching (NT). We evaluated soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) in bulk soil and soil aggregates with five particle sizes (>5 mm, 5–2 mm, 2–1 mm, 1–0.25 mm, and <0.25 mm) under different tillage managements. Results showed that compared with RT treatment, NT treatment not only increased soil aggregate stability, but also enhanced SOC, DOC, and POC contents, especially those in large size macroaggregates. DP treatment also showed positive effects on soil aggregate stability and labile carbon fractions (DOC and POXC). Consequently, we suggest that no tillage or deep ploughing, rather than rotary tillage, could be better tillage management considering carbon storage. Meanwhile, we implied that mass fractal dimension (Dm) and POXC could be effective indicators of soil quality, as affected by tillage managements.

scholarly journals Sludge amendment accelerating reclamation process of reconstructed mining substrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Li ◽  
Ningning Yin ◽  
Ruiwei Xu ◽  
Liping Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Soil Restoration ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Mining Soil ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Reclamation Process

AbstractWe constructed a mining soil restoration system combining plant, complex substrate and microbe. Sludge was added to reconstructed mine substrates (RMS) to accelerate the reclamation process. The effect of sludge on plant growth, microbial activity, soil aggregate stability, and aggregation-associated soil characteristics was monitored during 10 years of reclamation. Results show that the height and total biomass of ryegrass increases with reclamation time. Sludge amendment increases the aggregate binding agent content and soil aggregate stability. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and light-fraction SOC (LFOC) in the RMS increase by 151% and 247% compared with those of the control, respectively. A similar trend was observed for the glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). Stable soil aggregate indexes increase until the seventh year. In short, the variables of RMS determined after 3–7 years insignificantly differ from those of the untreated sample in the tenth-year. Furthermore, significant positive correlations between the GRSP and SOC and GRSP and soil structure-related variables were observed in RMS. Biological stimulation of the SOC and GRSP accelerates the recovery of the soil structure and ecosystem function. Consequently, the plant–complex substrate–microbe ecological restoration system can be used as an effective tool in early mining soil reclamation.

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