scholarly journals Known and New Emerging Viruses Infecting Blueberry

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2172
Author(s):  
Norsazilawati Saad ◽  
James W. Olmstead ◽  
Jeffrey B. Jones ◽  
Arvind Varsani ◽  
Philip F. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Virus Movement ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
The World ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
The Cost

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) plants are exposed to existing and emerging viruses as a result of expanding acreage of blueberry plantations across the world, primarily in North America. Since blueberry is cultivated in areas where there are wild Vaccinium spp., there is increasing risk of virus movement between wild and cultivated blueberries. This is theoretically possible because viruses can spread from commercial cultivars to native species and vice versa causing the spread of existing and new viruses. The occurrence of these viruses in blueberry can be devastating to the industry considering the cost for cultivation and production of this perennial crop. However, the advent of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic sequence analysis have allowed for rapid identification of known and novel viruses in any crop including blueberry, thus facilitating proper intervention in response to serious viral diseases. In this paper, we aim to focus on the current status of known and novel viruses emerging in blueberry worldwide, which may impact the blueberry industry.

scholarly journals The Current Status of Drug Repositioning and Vaccine Developments for the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9775
Author(s):  
Jung-Hyun Won ◽  
Howard Lee
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Drug Repositioning ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Successful Vaccine ◽  
The World

Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified, the world has vehemently worked to develop treatments and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at an unprecedented speed. Few of the repositioned drugs for COVID-19 have shown that they were efficacious and safe. In contrast, a couple of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will be ready for mass rollout early next year. Despite successful vaccine development for COVID-19, the world will face a whole new set of challenges including scale-up manufacturing, cold-chain logistics, long-term safety, and low vaccine acceptance. We highlighted the importance of knowledge sharing and collaboration to find innovative answers to these challenges and to prepare for newly emerging viruses.

scholarly journals Vaccines in support of globalisation: the current status of coronavirus and future implementation challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Pavlakis
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
World Order ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Global Village ◽  
The World

Abstract The key aspects to be discussed by this panelist are the role of vaccines in the support of globalization and the life style of global village, and the current status of coronavirus vaccines and future challenges of implementation. The present pandemic made obvious to the general public the central role of vaccines in the support of modern lifestyle. It also revealed the possibility (or near certainty) of totally new pandemics, for which the world had ample warnings, with AIDS, Ebola, Zika, Lassa, Hendra, SARS, MERS, and many other emerging viruses threatening the world order. We entered a new era of pandemics as the last areas of the planet become members of the global village and due to climate change. Therefore, the world will go through a period of new threats that become more intense due several factors. These include the climate change, the dense co-habitation of large number of humans and their food, the rapid, cheap and universal travel, and the public health rules and traditions. Vaccines and immunotherapies are among the best and most cost-effective ways to address new and established epidemic threats. Work on a safe and effective coronavirus vaccines progresses with unprecedented speed and substantial resources. Vaccines may be available in a year, and this time could be shortened if emergency approval of a safe but not fully tested vaccine is allowed. Production ability is expected to address the challenge of high demand, but the worrisome signals are that, even under the conditions of a spreading epidemic, a sector of the population is not convinced about the remedies, whether they are public health measures, or preventive vaccines. Addressing the reasons for the denial of scientific method and conclusions is a major priority for everybody involved in the fight of this and other epidemics. Scientific progress and implementation of the results is the only way forward.

scholarly journals Fındık Kırma Prosesinde Pnömatik Tasarım Optimizasyonu

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1474
Author(s):  
Faruk Güner ◽  
Mükrimin Şevket Güney
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Solid Model ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Positive Results

As Turkey is the country which holds two-thirds of the world hazelnut production, hazelnut has become an important element of export. Despite there are hazelnut production in different continents of the world, the suitability of climate and land conditions, native species and hazelnut cultivation for many years present this production potential. In parallel with issues such as maintenance of hazelnut plants, mechanization of agriculture maintenance of hazelnut processing conditions is also important in terms of increasing industrial product market. The efficiency of all the steps from storage to packaging must be maximized for the processing of high added value nuts and hazelnut products in industrial plants. The necessary improvements to ensure this quality and efficiency can be achieved by reducing the cost of the hazelnut shelling process, which is the first step in the production by extracting the kernel from the shell. In addition to reduce initial investment and maintenance costs, the development of such systems those will also reduce the rate of impacted hazelnut will bring positive results on industry. In this study, existing hazelnut shelling systems have been investigated, advantages and disadvantages have been evaluated and a pneumatic shelling system has been proposed which can avoid existing crushing systems as cost and product quality. A solid model of the proposed system is presented.

PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD PRODUCTION OF FEEDS FOR AQUACULTURE: ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF RAW MATERIALS

2017 ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Lina Yurievna Lagutkina
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
The World ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
World Industry ◽  
First Time ◽  
A Current

The author of the article discloses the prospects of development of the world feed production for aquaculture based on the analysis of key innovative technological and market trends. The author specifies that shortage, high cost, low ecological compatibility of traditional raw materials - fish flour - are among major limiting factors in the development of production of feeds for aquaculture. This fact, in turn, limits sustainable development of aquaculture both in Russia, and in the world in general. The article presents the overview of a current status of the world industry of feed production in aquaculture, where the regional situation is studied, as well. For the first time, there is given the outlook of innovative technologies in feed production based on the alternative sources of protein (on the example of projects of leading aquabiotechnological companies) which will determine industry’s objectives for the mid-term perspective.

Glembotskaya G.T., Eremin S.Yu. Scientific and practical approach to optimizing costs on development and promotion of drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Галина Глембоцкая ◽  
Galina Glembockaya ◽  
Станислав Еремин ◽  
Stanislav Eremin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Registration Phase

In order to identify promising strategic development possibilities for the pharmaceutical industry in the Russian Federation, a pilot study was conducted, which has analyzed the main trends in the development of innovative medicines. As a result of the content analysis of available sources of scientific literature, the characteristics of options used in the world practice for increasing the innovative activity of individual subjects and the pharmaceutical market as a whole are presented. Possible reserves for the further development of the innovative component of the pharmaceutical market within the framework of the concept of personalized medicine according to the P4 principle (predictive - personalized - preventive - participatory) are identified and structured. The results of use by individual pharmaceutical companies of scientifically and practically justified approaches to optimizing the costs of development and promoting drugs are presented. The advantages and real prospects of a generally accepted method to reduce the cost of development by «expanding the pharmacological effect» (label expansion) of already existing drugs with a known safety profile in the world practice are shown. A scientific generalization and structuring of the goals and results of the post-registration phase of clinical trials to expand the pharmacological action of a number of drugs already existed at the market have been carried out.

Heterocycles in the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kush K. Maheshwari ◽  
Debasish Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect a huge population of the world and majority of the victims belong to the poor community of the developing countries. Until now, the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 tropical diseases as NTDs that must be addressed with high priority. However, many heterocyclic scaffolds have demonstrated potent therapeutic activity against several NTDs. Objective: There are three major objectives: (1) To discuss the causes, symptoms, and current status of all the 20 NTDs; (2) To explore the available heterocyclic drugs, and their mechanism of actions (if known) that are being used to treat NTDs; (3) To develop general awareness on NTDs among the medicinal/health research community and beyond. Methods: The 20 NTDs have been discussed according to their alphabetic orders along with the possible heterocyclic remedies. Current status of treatment with an emphasis on the heterocyclic drugs (commercially available and investigational) has been outlined. In addition, brief discussion of the impacts of NTDs on socio-economic condition is included. Results: NTDs are often difficult to diagnose and the problem is worsened by the unhealthy hygiene, improper awareness, and inadequate healthcare in the developing countries where these diseases primarily affect poor people. The statistics include duration of suffering, numbers affected, and access to healthcare and medication. The mechanism of actions of various heterocyclic drugs, if reported, have been briefly summarized. Conclusion: Scientists and pharmaceutical corporations should allocate more resources to reveal the in-depth mechanism of actions of many heterocyclic drugs that are currently being used for the treatment of NTDs. Analysis of current heterocyclic compounds and development of new medications can help in the fight to reduce/remove the devastating effects of NTDs. An opinion-based concise review has been presented. Based on available literature, this is the first effect to present all the 20 NTDs and related heterocyclic compounds under the same umbrella.

Financial Literacy among Rural Women in Darbhanga District:An Empirical Evidence.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof. F.B. SINGH ◽  
POOJA JHA
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Scenario

Financial Literacy is defined as the possession of knowledge and understanding of elementary financial concepts which results in developing the ability to make conversant, poised and effective financial decisions. In current scenario, the concern to increase the level of financial literacy among common masses has been witnessed by many countries of the world through various Financial Literacy center, programme and initiatives but all these programmes and policies are crafted and implemented taking into consideration the male as ultimate receiver and so women who constitute half of the rural population are lagging behind in terms of a making informed financial decisions and financial wellbeing. Hence Strategies should be formulated taking into consideration the women as the main spectators. This paper is an attempt to analyze the current status of the financial literacy among the rural women of the Darbhanga district.

scholarly journals Punishment Strategies across Societies: Conventional Wisdoms Reconsidered

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Ramzi Suleiman ◽  
Yuval Samid
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
The Public ◽  
Free Riders ◽  
The World ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

Experiments using the public goods game have repeatedly shown that in cooperative social environments, punishment makes cooperation flourish, and withholding punishment makes cooperation collapse. In less cooperative social environments, where antisocial punishment has been detected, punishment was detrimental to cooperation. The success of punishment in enhancing cooperation was explained as deterrence of free riders by cooperative strong reciprocators, who were willing to pay the cost of punishing them, whereas in environments in which punishment diminished cooperation, antisocial punishment was explained as revenge by low cooperators against high cooperators suspected of punishing them in previous rounds. The present paper reconsiders the generality of both explanations. Using data from a public goods experiment with punishment, conducted by the authors on Israeli subjects (Study 1), and from a study published in Science using sixteen participant pools from cities around the world (Study 2), we found that: 1. The effect of punishment on the emergence of cooperation was mainly due to contributors increasing their cooperation, rather than from free riders being deterred. 2. Participants adhered to different contribution and punishment strategies. Some cooperated and did not punish (‘cooperators’); others cooperated and punished free riders (‘strong reciprocators’); a third subgroup punished upward and downward relative to their own contribution (‘norm-keepers’); and a small sub-group punished only cooperators (‘antisocial punishers’). 3. Clear societal differences emerged in the mix of the four participant types, with high-contributing pools characterized by higher ratios of ‘strong reciprocators’, and ‘cooperators’, and low-contributing pools characterized by a higher ratio of ‘norm keepers’. 4. The fraction of ‘strong reciprocators’ out of the total punishers emerged as a strong predictor of the groups’ level of cooperation and success in providing the public goods.

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