scholarly journals QMrl-7B Enhances Root System, Biomass, Nitrogen Accumulation and Yield in Bread Wheat

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 764
Author(s):  
Jiajia Liu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Deyuan Meng ◽  
Xiaoli Ren ◽  
Hanwen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation

Genetic improvement of root systems is an efficient approach to improve yield potential and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops. QMrl-7B was a major stable quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling the maximum root length in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Two types of near isogenic lines (A-NILs with superior and B-NILs with inferior alleles) were used to specify the effects of QMrl-7B on root, grain output and nitrogen-related traits under both low nitrogen (LN) and high nitrogen (HN) environments. Trials in two consecutive growing seasons showed that the root traits, including root length (RL), root area (RA) and root dry weight (RDW), of the A-NILs were higher than those of the B-NILs at seedling stage (SS) before winter, jointing stage (JS), 10 days post anthesis (PA10) and maturity (MS), respectively. Under the LN environment, in particular, all the root traits showed significant differences between the two types of NILs (p < 0.05). In contrast, there were no critical differences in aerial biomass and aerial N accumulation (ANA) between the two types of NILs at SS and JS stages. At PA10 stage, the aerial biomass and ANA of the A-NILs were significantly higher than those of the B-NILs under both LN and HN environments (p < 0.05). At MS stage, the A-NILs also exhibited significantly higher thousand-grain weight (TGW), plot grain yield, harvest index (HI), grain N accumulation (GNA), nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) than the B-NILs under the corresponding environments (p < 0.05). In summary, the QMrl-7B A-NILs manifested larger root systems compared to the B-NILs which is favorable to N uptake and accumulation, and eventually enhanced grain production. This research provides valuable information for genetic improvement of root traits and breeding elite wheat varieties with high yield potential and NPFP.

scholarly journals Growth and Distribution of Maize Roots in Response to Nitrogen Accumulation in Soil Profiles after Long-Term Fertilization Management on a Calcareous Soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunlong Zhang ◽  
Tengteng Li ◽  
Shuikuan Bei ◽  
Junling Zhang ◽  
Xiaolin Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Root Distributions

The replacement of inorganic fertilizer nitrogen by manure is highlighted to have great potential to maintain crop yield while delivering multiple functions, including the improvement of soil quality. However, information on the dynamics of root distributions in response to chemical fertilizers and manure along the soil profile is still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal-spatial root distributions of summer maize (Zea mays L.) from 2013 to 2015 under four treatments (unfertilized control (CK), inorganic fertilizer (NPK), manure + 70% NPK (NPKM), and NPKM + straw (NPKMS)). Root efficiency for shoot N accumulation was increased by 89% in the NPKM treatment compared with the NPK treatment at V12 (the emergence of the twelfth leaf) of 2014. Root growth at 40–60 cm was consistently stimulated after manure and/or straw additions, especially at V12 and R3 (the milk stage) across three years. Root length density (RLD) in the diameter <0.2 mm at 0–20 cm was significantly positively correlated with soil water content and negatively with soil mineral N contents in 2015. The RLD in the diameter >0.4 mm at 20–60 cm, and RLD <0.2 mm, was positively correlated with shoot N uptake in 2015. The root length density was insensitive in response to fertilization treatments, but the variations in RLD along the soil profile in response to fertilization implies that there is a great potential to manipulate N supply levels and rooting depths to increase nutrient use efficiency. The importance of incorporating a manure application together with straw to increase soil fertility in the North China Plain (NCP) needs further studies.

Grain nitrogen concentration differences among three sorghum hybrids with similar grain yield

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kamoshita ◽  
M. Cooper ◽  
R. C. Muchow ◽  
S. Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

The differences in grain nitrogen (N) concentration among 3 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrids with similar grain yield were examined under N-limiting conditions in relation to the availability of assimilate and N to grain. Several manipulation treatments [N fertiliser application, lower leaves shading, thinning (reduced plant population), whole canopy shading, canopy opening, spikelet removal] were imposed to alter the relative N and assimilate availability to grain under full irrigation supply. Grain N concentration increased by either increased grain N availability or yield reduction while maintaining N uptake. Grain N concentration, however, did not decrease in the treatments where relative abundance of N compared with assimilate was intended to be reduced. The minimum levels of grain N concentration differed from 0.95% (ATx623/RTx430) to 1.14% (DK55plus) in these treatments. Regardless of the extent of variation in assimilate and N supply to grain, the ranking of hybrids on grain N concentration was consistent across the manipulation treatments. For the 3 hybrids examined, higher grain N concentration was associated with higher N uptake during grain filling and, to a lesser extent, with higher N mobilisation. Hybrids with larger grain N accumulation had a larger number of grains. There was no tradeoff between grain N concentration and yield, suggesting that grain protein concentration can be improved without sacrificing yield potential.

Characterization of soybean rooting depth in response to different environmental conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sulaiman Ahmed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Dry Down

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Soybean (Glycine max (L.) is currently grown throughout the world because it has been adapted to many environments and because of the high protein and oil content of the seeds. Water scarcity is responsible for the biggest crop losses worldwide and this is expected to worsen; thus, much attention is directed towards the development of drought tolerant crops. The root system is fundamentally important for plant growth and survival because of its role in water and nutrient uptake. Crops with deep roots can capture more soil resources, particularly water, to support shoot growth and yield formation. However, the investigation of root systems is difficult and remains challenging, especially under field conditions. Nonetheless, a better understanding of root system form and function is critical to develop strategies to breed for more stress-resilient crops for local production environments. Studies of soybean root systems in general, and rooting depth in particular have been limited. Thus, the aims of the research described in this dissertation were to (i) identify genotypic diversity in rooting depth and distribution of roots in the soil profile and relate these traits to above ground characteristics including yield under rainfed field conditions in a wide range of soybean genotypes, (ii) characterize, compare and contrast root systems of selected soybean genotypes grown under field- and greenhouse-conditions, and (iii) explore the influence of scion and rootstock genotype on root growth of contrasting soybean genotypes under well-watered and water deficit stress conditions. In the first series of experiments, a set of five soybean genotypes that represented contrasting root rooting depths and root elongation rates were selected based on greenhouse experiment and grown under rainfed field conditions. The core break method was used to assess root distributions of these genotypes in two years. The main goals of this experiment were to confirm genotypic variation for key root traits, including rooting depth and distribution, and to determine whether rooting depth is related to seed yield and selected shoot traits. This study confirmed significant variation among genotypes regarding their rooting depth and root distribution in the soil profile. Genotypes with greater maximum rooting depth also exhibited greater numbers of roots in the lower soil strata than shallower rooting genotypes, and rooting depth was positively correlated with seed yield. Confirmation of differences in rooting depth among these genotypes and the relationship with seed yield under field conditions establishes the suitability of the selected genotypes for physiological studies, studies of genetic mechanisms underpinning maximum rooting depth in soybean, and to confirm the potential for yield increase as a result of selection for deep rooting. A second study consisted of two greenhouse experiments to evaluate the effect of water availability on the rooting depth plasticity of deep- and shallow-rooted genotypes. Six contrasting genotypes were grown in PVC pipes under well-watered and dry-down conditions. The soil media was a mixture of soil and sand with a ratio of 4:1, respectively. Significant genotype, water treatment, and genotype by water treatment interaction effects were observed for maximum rooting depth. Maximum rooting depth increased in the dry-down compared to the well-watered treatment and induced a reallocation of root length from shallow strata to deeper regions in the profile for all genotypes. The extent of the difference in rooting depth between well-watered and dry-down treatments, measured as plasticity, was significantly different among genotypes. Thus, plasticity in maximum rooting depth appears to be under genetic control in soybean and may be a suitable target for breeding efforts aimed at increasing yields under drought. In a final study, the influence of scion and rootstock genotype on shoot growth and root system characteristics was examined in deep tubes in an automated rainout shelter. Plants were sown into 1.5- m deep tubes filled with a soil-sand mix (4:1) and grown under well-watered and dry-down conditions. Nine days after sowing, self and reciprocal grafts were made using the wedge grafting method. The dry-down treatment resulted in significantly increased rooting depth for all grafted as well as the non-grafted treatments compared to well-watered treatment. As expected, root length densities in the top 30 cm of the soil were greater for well-watered plants than plants in the dry-down treatment whereas the opposite was true for root length density at depth. Overall, whether self-grafted or serving as rootstock only, the deep-rooted genotype had a stimulatory effect on root growth in most soil strata, particularly under dry-down conditions. In general, limited differences observed among the grafting treatments suggest a small influence of the scion or rootstock genotype on the rooting depth and root distribution in the soil profile. However, grafting studies with additional genotypes should be conducted to explore whether this observation is specific to the genotype combination used in this study or whether it applies more generally for soybean. The experiments described in this dissertation lay the foundation for additional physiological and genetic studies. Further research is needed to ascertain the physiological mechanism behind the responses of contrasting genotypes, and to identify molecular markers and/or genes to facilitate incorporation of desirable root traits into a breeding program to increase yields and/or yield stability under drought conditions.

The yield of durum wheats released in Mexico between 1960 and 1984

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Waddington ◽  
M. Osmanzai ◽  
M. Yoshida ◽  
J. K. Ransom
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Advanced Line ◽  
Selection For

SummaryTwo trials designed to measure progress in the yield of durum wheat cultivars released in Mexico by the Institute Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas over the period 1960–84 were grown in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, during the 1983–4 and 1984–5 cropping seasons. The trials compared grain yield, above-ground biomass, harvest index (ratio of dry grain yield to dry above-ground biomass), yield components, grain-growth rates and phenological characters for eight key cultivars and the modern advanced line, Carcomun ‘S’, when grown at a high level of agronomic inputs and management.The grain yield of durum wheat was estimated to have risen for 25 years of breeding from 3·70 to 8·40 t/ha. The estimated average annual rates of increase in grain yield for the periods 1960–71 and 1971–85 were 251 and 121 kg/ha respectively. Grain yield improvements were based on a linear increase in the number of grains/m2 over the 25-year period, the result of more grains per spikelet. An improved above-ground biomass at maturity was a feature of the two modern genotypes, Altar 84 and Carcomun ‘S’. Harvest index increased with each new cultivar up to the release of Mexicali 75 in 1975, but thereafter the higher grain yields achieved with the modern genotypes were not associated with a higher harvest index. Thousand-grain weight remained steady for the released cultivars but fell slightly for the advanced line Carcomun ‘S’. Improvements in yield were not associated with a longer cropping cycle.It is concluded that a breeding strategy combining selection for morphological characters thought to confer high yield potential, such as a more erect leaf posture and high number of grains per spikelet, with selection for grain yield per se has been successful in improving the grain yield of durum wheats adapted to north-west Mexico. Improvements have come not only in the size of the grain sink and the efficiency of assimilate partition to grain but also in the biomass produced above ground.

Wheats developed for high yield on stored soil moisture have deep vigorous root systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Rich ◽  
Anton P. Wasson ◽  
Richard A. Richards ◽  
Trushna Katore ◽  
Renu Prashar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
System Development ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Mature Root

Many rainfed wheat production systems are reliant on stored soil water for some or all of their water inputs. Selection and breeding for root traits could result in a yield benefit; however, breeding for root traits has traditionally been avoided due to the difficulty of phenotyping mature root systems, limited understanding of root system development and function, and the strong influence of environmental conditions on the phenotype of the mature root system. This paper outlines an international field selection program for beneficial root traits at maturity using soil coring in India and Australia. In the rainfed areas of India, wheat is sown at the end of the monsoon into hot soils with a quickly receding soil water profile; in season water inputs are minimal. We hypothesised that wheat selected and bred for high yield under these conditions would have deep, vigorous root systems, allowing them to access and utilise the stored soil water at depth around anthesis and grain-filling when surface layers were dry. The Indian trials resulted in 49 lines being sent to Australia for phenotyping. These lines were ranked against 41 high yielding Australian lines. Variation was observed for deep root traits e.g. in eastern Australia in 2012, maximum depth ranged from 118.8 to 146.3 cm. There was significant variation for root traits between sites and years, however, several Indian genotypes were identified that consistently ranked highly across sites and years for deep rooting traits.

scholarly journals Investigation of Distinctive Morpho-Physio and Biochemical Alterations in Desi Chickpea at Seedling Stage Under Irrigation, Heat, and Combined Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Jameel ◽  
Amjad Hameed ◽  
Tariq Mahmud Shah
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Relative Water

Global climatic instabilities have become the main reason for drastic yield losses in chickpea. This shift in climate could be a great threat in the future for food security in developing countries. Chickpea production is badly hampered by heat stress coupled with drought stress, and these factors can reduce yields by 40–45%. To mitigate yield losses due these abiotic factors, irrigation supplementation could be the best strategy. The present study aimed to (i) investigate the tolerance response of 9 desi chickpea genotypes against heat stress (H), irrigation (I), and a combination of both (I+H) through morphophysiological and biochemical indices at early growth stage, and (ii) assess yield performance across multiple locations of the country. Results revealed that under irrigation treatment, all genotypes perform well, but the genotypes D-09027 and D-09013 showed best performance because, as compared to control, they retained root length, seedling fresh weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, esterase activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoids. Shoot length and total phenolic contents (TPC) increased in both genotypes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased in D-09027 and retained in D-09013. Catalase activity increased in D-09013 and retained in D-09027. Protease activity, total water potential and osmotic potential decreased in both genotypes and depicted high yield potential with 27 and 30% increase in yield over Bhakhar-2011 (check), respectively. In case of heat stress, maximum tolerance was found in genotypes CH104/06 and D-09013 with no change in shoot and root length, seedling dry weight, shoot fresh and dry weight, root dry weight, relative water content, turgor water potential, catalase (CAT) activity, esterase activity, increased root fresh weight, peroxidase activity (POD), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX), and lycopene with low accumulation of protease and Malondialdehyde content (MDA). Both genotypes depicted high yield potential with 30 and 43% increase in yield over check across multiple locations of the country. Under the combined treatment, most genotypes showed good performance, while CH104/06 was selected as best performer genotype because significant of its increased root fresh weight, lycopene content, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, total chlorophyll, retained shoot length, root length, seedling fresh and dry weight, total water potential, osmotic potential, relative water content, peroxidase activity (POD), catalase, esterase, and its ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and total soluble proteins (TSP) showed highest yield potential with 43% increase over check. Identified best performing and tolerant genotypes can further be employed for breeding climate-smart chickpea genotypes for sustainable production under changing climate.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Accumulation and Root Distribution of Grafted Tomato Plants as Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1907-1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desire Djidonou ◽  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Karen E. Koch ◽  
Lincoln Zotarelli
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
N Use

Growth and yield typically increase when tomato plants are grafted to selected interspecific hybrid rootstocks from which distinctive root system morphologies are envisioned to aid nutrient uptake. We assessed these relationships using a range of exogenous nitrogen (N) supplies under field production conditions. This study analyzed the impact of N on growth, root distribution, N uptake, and N use of determinate ‘Florida 47’ tomato plants grafted onto vigorous, interspecific, hybrid tomato rootstocks ‘Multifort’ and ‘Beaufort’. Six N rates, 56, 112, 168, 224, 280, and 336 kg·ha−1, were applied to sandy soil in Live Oak, FL, during Spring 2010 and 2011. During both years, the leaf area index, aboveground biomass, and N accumulation (leaf blade, petiole, stem, and fruit) responded quadratically to the increase in N fertilizer rates. Averaged over the two seasons, the aboveground biomass, N accumulation, N use efficiency (NUE), and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) were ≈29%, 31%, 30%, and 33% greater in grafted plants than in nongrafted controls, respectively. More prominent increases occurred in the root length density (RLD) in the uppermost 15 cm of soil; for grafted plants, RLD values in this upper 15-cm layer were significantly greater than those of nongrafted plants during both years with an average increase of 69% over the two seasons. Across all the grafted and nongrafted plants, the RLD decreased along the soil profile, with ≈60% of the total RLD concentrated in the uppermost 0 to 15 cm of the soil layer. These results demonstrated a clear association between enhanced RLD, especially in the upper 15 cm of soil, and improvements in tomato plant growth, N uptake, and N accumulation with grafting onto vigorous rootstocks.

scholarly journals Root Traits Responses to Irrigation Intervals in Rice (Oryza sativa)

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. Gaballah
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
Relative Water

Drought is one of major abiotic stresses that effect rice production. Roots play vital role in absorption of water and nutrients from soil contributing for drought tolerance. The present study quantified the effects of different irrigation intervals on root development and agronomical traits of three Egyptian rice cultivars, Giza177, Giza178, Sakha107, IET1444 as a popular drought tolerant and Moroberekan as control genotype. Irrigation treatments were imposed 15 days after transplanting and applied for every 4, 8 and 12 days during 2018 and 2019 rice growing seasons. The results showed the reduction in root architecture traits with prolonged irrigation intervals. A significant decrease in plant height, number of panicles plant-1, grain yield (t ha-1) and relative water content, while sterility (%) and water use efficiency significantly increased over irrigation intervals. The highly significant and positive correlation was found among grain yield and root:shoot ratio, relative water content and number of panicles plant-1, while the negative correlation was with root xylem vessel number and sterility. It was concluded that, the drought reduced the grain yield and its components due to poor developed root system. Moroberekan and IET1444 genotypes can be used as a donor parent for rice breeding program. Further studies are also required to identify factors that contribute to the high yield potential of both Giza178 and Sakha107 under different water stress condition. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Fertilization of Two Container-grown Woody Ornamentals Based on Their Specific Nitrogen Accumulation Patterns

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Sandrock ◽  
Anita N. Azarenko ◽  
Timothy L. Righetti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Sliding Scale

Nitrogen accumulation patterns were established for Weigela florida (Bunge.) A. DC. `Red Prince' (fast growth rate) and Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. `Compactus' (slow growth rate). From these, daily and biweekly N delivery schedules were designed to match N supply with N accumulation patterns of each taxon. Delivery schedules were sliding scales in that total N applied was controlled by independent increases (or decreases) of N concentration and solution volume. Daily and biweekly N delivery schedules were tested against a constant N rate (200 mg·L-1) and Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.9K (The Scotts Co., Marysville, Ohio). Plants were grown in 3.8-L containers in 7 douglas fir bark: 2 sphagnum peatmoss: 1 silica sand (0.65 mm; by volume) outdoors in full sun on a gravel pad for 142 d. Within each taxon, Weigela and Euonymus grown with sliding-scale N fertilization schedules had similar total dry weights, leaf areas, and total plant N contents to plants grown with a constant N rate (200 mg·L-1) or Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.9K. Sliding-scale liquid fertilization based on plant N requirements introduced less total N to the production cycle and resulted in higher N uptake efficiency than fertilization with a constant N rate of 200 mg·L-1. In general, liquid N fertilizer treatments resulted in plants with higher shoot to root ratios than plants treated with Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.9K. Weigela and Euonymus treated with biweekly schedules were similar to plants treated with daily schedules (same total amount of N delivered with each treatment).

scholarly journals Nodulation and nitrogen accumulation in pulses vary with species, cultivars, growth stages, and environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakir Hossain ◽  
Xiaoyu Wang ◽  
Chantal Hamel ◽  
Yantai Gan
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Nodule Biomass

Biological N2-fixation underpins the role of pulse crops in the development of sustainable cropping systems, but it is uncertain how nodulation and N accumulation may differ with pulse species, cultivars, and environments. This 3 yr field study investigated nodulation at the early and late flowering stages and seed and straw N uptake for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). At early flowering, all pulses except dry bean had more nodules in the wetter (2010) than drier year (2009). Faba bean had the most nodules followed by field pea and chickpea, while the nodulation varied with plant growth stages and environments. For both pea and lentil, more nodules were observed at early flowering, but higher nodule biomass was obtained at late flowering. Chickpea had higher nodule biomass at late than early flowering but number of nodules varied with year. Seed N uptake was highest in field pea, whereas straw N uptake was highest in faba bean. Our results suggest a possibility of improving pulse N2-fixation by targeting nodule numbers and nodule biomass, although the outcome of plant N uptake will vary with environments.

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