scholarly journals Cytological and Transcriptomic Analysis Provide Insights into the Formation of Variegated Leaves in Ilex × altaclerensis ‘Belgica Aurea’

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 552
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Mingzhuo Hao ◽  
Min Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Thylakoid Membranes ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Chlorophyll Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Variegation ◽  
Transcriptomic Sequencing ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Monomethyl Ester

Ilex × altaclerensis ‘Belgica Aurea’ is an attractive ornamental plant bearing yellow-green variegated leaves. However, the mechanisms underlying the formation of leaf variegation in this species are still unclear. Here, the juvenile yellow leaves and mature variegated leaves of I. altaclerensis ‘Belgica Aurea’ were compared in terms of leaf structure, pigment content and transcriptomics. The results showed that no obvious differences in histology were noticed between yellow and variegated leaves, however, ruptured thylakoid membranes and altered ultrastructure of chloroplasts were found in yellow leaves (yellow) and yellow sectors of the variegated leaves (variegation). Moreover, the yellow leaves and the yellow sectors of variegated leaves had significantly lower chlorophyll compared to green sectors of the variegated leaves (green). In addition, transcriptomic sequencing identified 1675 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the three pairwise comparisons (yellow vs. green, variegation vs. green, yellow vs. variegation). Expression of magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (MgPME) [oxidative] cyclase, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthase were decreased in the yellow leaves. Altogether, chlorophyll deficiency might be the main factors driving the formation of leaf variegation in I.altaclerensis ‘Belgica Aurea’.

Mutation in Mg-Protoporphyrin IX Monomethyl Ester Cyclase Causes Yellow and Spotted Leaf Phenotype in Rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Li ◽  
Furong Ma ◽  
Renjun Jiao ◽  
Congping Chen ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Leaf Phenotype ◽  
Monomethyl Ester

scholarly journals The Ycf54 protein is part of the membrane component of Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase from barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)

FEBS Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (10) ◽  
pp. 2377-2386 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bollivar ◽  
Ilka Braumann ◽  
Kasper Berendt ◽  
Simon P. Gough ◽  
Mats Hansson
Keyword(s):  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Membrane Component ◽  
Monomethyl Ester

scholarly journals Further observations on the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase system

1993 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Whyte ◽  
P A Castelfranco
Keyword(s):  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Chloroplast Pigments ◽  
Cyclization Process ◽  
Reconstituted System ◽  
Sugar Phosphates ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Monomethyl Ester

The Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase was strongly inhibited by CN- and N3- in a reconstituted system, but was inhibited slightly or not at all by the same reagents in intact developing chloroplasts. Known inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 processes showed no consistent effect. Benzoquinone and quinol, which can give rise to the same semiquinone by one-electron redox events, were strong inhibitors of the cyclase. It was previously shown that O2 and a source of electrons are required in the cyclization process. The substrates for the dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate pathway (glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate) were effective reductants in the reconstituted system with supernatant that had been dialysed or passed through Sephadex G-50, in the absence of added NADP+. However, inhibitor studies suggested that the electrons from these sugar phosphates reached the cyclase system via NADPH. Therefore we infer the presence of protein-bound NADP+ that can be reduced by glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate and donate reducing equivalents to the cyclase system. This bound NADPH pool may be particularly effective in the cyclization process, owing to channeling. These findings are discussed in relation to the results of a companion paper [Whyte and Castelfranco (1993) Biochem. J. 290, 361-367] on the breakdown of chloroplast pigments in the same reconstituted system.

Chlorophyll a biosynthesis

1976 ◽  
Vol 273 (924) ◽  
pp. 207-225 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Reaction ◽  
Etiolated Leaves ◽  
Regulatory Aspects ◽  
Vinyl Group ◽  
Chlorophyll A Biosynthesis ◽  
Monomethyl Ester

Protoporphyrin IX is believed to be an intermediate common to both haem and chlorophyll biosynthesis. The pathway specific to chlorophyll starts with magnesium protoporphyrin and its monomethyl ester. Two routes have been proposed for conversion of the latter compound to protochlorophyllide: A, formation of the isocyclic ring followed by reduction of the 4-vinyl group, or B, reduction of the 4-vinyl group followed by formation of the isocyclic ring. Membranes prepared from isolated barley etioplasts are found to convert magnesium 2,4-divinylphaeoporphyrin a 5 monomethyl ester to chlorophyllide a at a rate equal to that of chlorophyll synthesis in intact leaves: this result supports route A. NADPH is necessary to maintain the two successive reductive steps: reduction of the 4-vinyl group and then the photoreduction of ring IV to yield chlorophyllide. The prohaem content of etiolated leaves does not increase during the phase of active chlorophyll synthesis although evidence is presented that suggests that the ALA synthesis reaction that regulates chlorophyll synthesis is common to both pathways. This and other regulatory aspects are discussed.

scholarly journals Inheritance of a Partial Chlorophyll Deficiency in Watermelon Activated by Low Temperatures at the Seedling Stage

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1062-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Provvidenti
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Chlorophyll Deficiency ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Leaf Variegation ◽  
Backcross Populations ◽  
Cold Sensitive ◽  
Seedling Leaf

Seedlings of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] are commonly affected by a partial chlorophyll deficiency that is activated by low temperatures (<20C), causing foliar symptoms and growth retardation. Cotyledons appear whitish-green, whereas the first leaves display a mosaic-like variegation consisting of scattered white flecks and patches. While this disorder is common in commercial watermelon cultivars, some land races from Zimbabwe appeared to be unaffected. From cross and backcross populations of the cold-sensitive cultivar New Hampshire Midget with the cold-resistant line PP261-1 (from PI 482261), the leaf variegation was determined to be conferred by a single recessive gene. The symbol slv (seedling leaf variegation) is assigned to this factor. The dominant allele at this same locus can be exploited for the development of new “cold-resistant” cultivars and F1 hybrids, thus providing economic gain due to earlier planting.

scholarly journals The Dynamic of Pekarangan Selahuni 2 Homlet, Ciomas Rahayu Village, Bogor

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-373
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saddam Ali ◽  
Hadi Susilo Arifin ◽  
Nurhayati H.S. Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Average Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
And Function

Urbanization and fragmentation are the main factors causing dynamics in the pekarangan. The dynamics that occur are related to the structure and function of the pekarangan. This makes the pekarangan performance changes according to the interference of the pekarangan owner. Selahuni 2 Homlet, Ciomas Rahayu Village, Bogor has become the location for observing the dynamics of the past two decades. Pekarangan samples taken in 2019 are exactly the same as those taken in 1998 and 2007, totaling 10 houses. The aim is to determine the extent of changes that occur in the pekarangan, both structure and function. Measuring the area, ownership of the pekarangan, recording of species and function of the existing vegetation of the pekarangan. In 2019, data on ownership of houses and pekarangans by old owners dropped dramatically by only 40%. In 2019, the average pekarangan area will decrease by an average area of 110.81 m2. In 1998, 2007 and 2019, the percentage of the number of non-ornamental plant species was 4-10% higher than that of ornamental plants. Therefore, there was a change in both the extent and ownership, function and structure of the vegetation in the Selahuni 2 Homlet’s pekarangan which was caused by urbanization and fragmentation factors.

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