scholarly journals One Health Approach to Leishmaniases: Understanding the Disease Dynamics through Diagnostic Tools

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahyun Hong ◽  
Ricardo Andrade Zampieri ◽  
Jeffrey Jon Shaw ◽  
Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter ◽  
Maria Fernanda Laranjeira-Silva
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Leishmaniases are zoonotic vector-borne diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania that affect millions of people around the globe. There are various clinical manifestations, ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis, all of which are associated with different Leishmania species. Transmission of these parasites is complex due to the varying ecological relationships between human and/or animal reservoir hosts, parasites, and sand fly vectors. Moreover, vector-borne diseases like leishmaniases are intricately linked to environmental changes and socioeconomic risk factors, advocating the importance of the One Health approach to control these diseases. The development of an accurate, fast, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for leishmaniases is a priority, and the implementation of various control measures such as animal sentinel surveillance systems is needed to better detect, prevent, and respond to the (re-)emergence of leishmaniases.

scholarly journals Philosophical Roots of the One Medicine Movement: An Analysis of Some Relevant Ideas by Rudolf Virchow and Calvin Schwabe with Their Modern Implications

2013 ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Lerner
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Human Medicine ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The One

During the last decade there has been increasing interest in combining veterinary and human medicine, mainly in the areas of vaccination and the eradication of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. Although the roots of this "One Health-One Medicine" approach can be found in ancient Egypt and Greece, the roots of the philosophy of "one medicine" have not been so thoroughly discussed. In this paper I will analyse some ideas that could unite veterinary and human medicine, from Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) and Calvin W. Schwabe (1927-2006). Both are recognized as important theoretical founders of the philosophy of one medicine. I will also further develop these thoughts to meet some of the discussions taken place today.

Rift Valley Fever and the Changing Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1496-1516
Author(s):  
Johanna Lindahl ◽  
Bernard Bett ◽  
Timothy Robinson ◽  
Delia Grace
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Rift Valley fever is a severe disease affecting both humans and animals. The Rift Valley fever virus can be transmitted by body fluids, and the most common way for humans to get infected is from animals. The virus is also vector-borne and can be transmitted by many species of mosquitoes. As with other vector-borne diseases, the epidemiology may vary in response to environmental changes. Here the effects of climate and land use changes on Rift Valley fever, as well as on other vector-borne diseases, are discussed. The effect of irrigation in East Africa on inter-epidemic transmission of RVF is discussed in greater detail, followed by recommendations for future research and actions.

Rift Valley Fever and the Changing Environment

2017 ◽  
pp. 178-204
Author(s):  
Johanna Lindahl ◽  
Bernard Bett ◽  
Timothy Robinson ◽  
Delia Grace
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Rift Valley fever is a severe disease affecting both humans and animals. The Rift Valley fever virus can be transmitted by body fluids, and the most common way for humans to get infected is from animals. The virus is also vector-borne and can be transmitted by many species of mosquitoes. As with other vector-borne diseases, the epidemiology may vary in response to environmental changes. Here the effects of climate and land use changes on Rift Valley fever, as well as on other vector-borne diseases, are discussed. The effect of irrigation in East Africa on inter-epidemic transmission of RVF is discussed in greater detail, followed by recommendations for future research and actions.

scholarly journals Can We Harness Immune Responses to Improve Drug Treatment in Leishmaniasis?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1069
Author(s):  
Raphael Taiwo Aruleba ◽  
Katharine C. Carter ◽  
Frank Brombacher ◽  
Ramona Hurdayal
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Visceral Disease ◽  
Control And Eradication

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease that has been neglected in priority for control and eradication of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Collectively, over one seventh of the world’s population is at risk of being infected with 0.7–1.2 million new infections reported annually. Clinical manifestations range from self-healing cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral disease. The first anti-leishmanial drugs were introduced in the 1950′s and, despite several shortcomings, remain the mainstay for treatment. Regardless of this and the steady increase in infections over the years, particularly among populations of low economic status, research on leishmaniasis remains under funded. This review looks at the drugs currently in clinical use and how they interact with the host immune response. Employing chemoimmunotherapeutic approaches may be one viable alternative to improve the efficacy of novel/existing drugs and extend their lifespan in clinical use.

scholarly journals Analyses of Leishmania-LRV Co-Phylogenetic Patterns and Evolutionary Variability of Viral Proteins

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2305
Author(s):  
Alexei Y. Kostygov ◽  
Danyil Grybchuk ◽  
Yulia Kleschenko ◽  
Daniil S. Chistyakov ◽  
Alexander N. Lukashev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Vector Borne

Leishmania spp. are important pathogens causing a vector-borne disease with a broad range of clinical manifestations from self-healing ulcers to the life-threatening visceral forms. Presence of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) confers survival advantage to these parasites by suppressing anti-leishmanial immunity in the vertebrate host. The two viral species, LRV1 and LRV2 infect species of the subgenera Viannia and Leishmania, respectively. In this work we investigated co-phylogenetic patterns of leishmaniae and their viruses on a small scale (LRV2 in L. major) and demonstrated their predominant coevolution, occasionally broken by intraspecific host switches. Our analysis of the two viral genes, encoding the capsid and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP), revealed them to be under the pressure of purifying selection, which was considerably stronger for the former gene across the whole tree. The selective pressure also differs between the LRV clades and correlates with the frequency of interspecific host switches. In addition, using experimental (capsid) and predicted (RDRP) models we demonstrated that the evolutionary variability across the structure is strikingly different in these two viral proteins.

scholarly journals Endoparasites and vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Greek islands: pathogen distribution and zoonotic implications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Diakou ◽  
Angela Di Cesare ◽  
Simone Morelli ◽  
Mariasole Colombo ◽  
Lenaig Halos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rickettsia Conorii ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Of Greece

AbstractThe present study investigated the presence of endo- and ecto-parasites, and vector-borne pathogens, in dogs from four islands of Greece. A total of 200 owned and sheltered dogs were examined with different microscopic, serological and molecular methods.Of the examined dogs, 130 (65%) were positive for one or more parasites and/or vector-borne pathogens. The most common zoonotic intestinal helminths recorded were Ancylostomatidae (12.5%) and Toxocara canis (3.5%). Ninety-three dogs (46.5%) seroreacted to Rickettsia conorii. Twenty-two (11%) of them were also PCR positive and 7 (3.5%) showed corpuscoles suggestive of Rickettsia spp. on the blood smears. Nineteen dogs (9.5%) were seropositive for Ehrlichia canis, three of them being also PCR positive. Dogs positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Anaplasma platys (1%), Dirofilaria immitis (0.5%) and Babesia canis (0.5%) were also found. Fleas and ticks were recorded in 53 (26.5%) and 50 (25%) dogs and all specimens were identified as Ctenocephalides felis felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu latu. Binary multiple univariate Generalized Linear Models were used to investigate factors and clinical signs related to the recorded positivity, while the association of specific signs with the pathogens was evaluated using tests of independence. Knowledge of occurrence and impact of zoonotic parasites and vector-borne pathogens in dog populations is crucial to prevent the infection in animals and people, and to control the risk of spreading of these pathogens in endemic and non-endemic areas.Author summaryBoth owned and sheltered dogs can harbor a variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal endoparasites, as well as vector-borne pathogens and ectoparasites, of zoonotic concern. Dog shelters and stray dogs are present in several touristic areas of Greece, including Sporades and Cyclades islands, where tourists often bring their pets with them, likely travelling from non-endemic to endemic areas. The present study has been carried out with the aim to evaluate the occurrence of the aforementioned pathogens. Data obtained showed that they are present in canine populations of Greece, with possibilities of infection for travelling dogs, which can also contribute to the spreading of zoonotic vector-borne diseases, introducing new pathogens in previously non-endemic areas. For these reasons, a constant monitoring of the epidemiological situation, improving control measures and correct diagnostic approaches are of primary importance for the prevention of canine and human infections, decreasing the spreading of potentially deadly pathogens.

scholarly journals Survey of protozoan vector-borne diseases in dogs from Atlantic Rainforest fragment around Billings Dam, São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Carvalho de Freitas e Azevedo ◽  
Giovanna Stefani Nosberto Castelli ◽  
Ryan Emiliano da Silva ◽  
Jaciara de Oliveira Jorge Costa ◽  
Renata Tonhosolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Babesia Vogeli ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT: Vector-borne diseases are currently one of the biggest public health concerns worldwide. Dogs, being the closest companion animals to humans, are considered the main reservoir of some of these diseases in the urban environment. Therefore, the study of the disease behavior in dogs can help to understand the disease affecting human health. Serological and molecular diagnoses of Babesia vogeli, Rangelia vitalli, Leishmania infantum, and other trypanosomatids, were performed by immunochromatographic and PCR assays, respectively, on dogs in a dog shelter located in an Atlantic Forest fragment near the Billings Dam, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo-Brazil. Our molecular diagnostic results showed a high prevalence of Babesia vogeli, at 20.9% (17/81). No other protozoan was detected in any of the tests. Determining the prevalence of major vector-borne diseases is essential to establish preventive and control measures for zoonotic diseases in animals kept in shelters, in order to minimize the impact of vector-borne diseases on animal health.

Models of superinfection and acquired immunity to multiple parasite strains

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (04) ◽  
pp. 915-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. M. Milligan ◽  
D. Y. Downham
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Close Approximation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Bivariate Poisson Distribution ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Strains

Individuals in communities in which different strains of pathogen are circulating can acquire resistance by accumulating immunity to each strain. After considering susceptibility, models of infection and immunity are defined for vector-borne diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis. For these models the prevalence of infection, the number of infections per individual, and the mean duration of infection, increase rapidly in young individuals, but decrease in older individuals as immunity is acquired to the various strains of pathogen; the mean interval between successive infections lengthens with age. The bivariate Poisson distribution is shown to be a close approximation to some stochastic processes. The models explain observed cross-sectional patterns of age prevalence, and longitudinal patterns in which individuals typically continue to become infected as they age, albeit with decreasing frequency. In these models the time spent infected depends on parasite diversity, as well as the inoculation and recovery rates. It is shown that control measures can cause an increase in the number of infections and the prevalence of infection in older individuals, and in the average prevalence in the community, even when strain-specific immunity is life-long.

scholarly journals Sand Flies Control: A Review of the Knowledge of Health Professionals and the Local Community, Province of El Hajeb, Morocco

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8448
Author(s):  
Karima El-Mouhdi ◽  
Abdelkader Chahlaoui ◽  
Samia Boussaa ◽  
Mohammed Fekhaoui
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Sand flies are insect vectors of several diseases including leishmaniases. These vector-borne diseases represent a public health problem in several countries around the world, including Morocco. The objective of this study was to assess simultaneously the knowledge of health professionals and inhabitants on sand flies; a cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and June 2019 among 424 people, 34% of whom were health professionals and 66% of whom were inhabitants of the province of El Hajeb in central Morocco; 46.3% of doctors, 50.7% of nurses, 66.7% of midwives and 69.4% of inhabitants showed a low knowledge of sand flies. Most participants believed that sand flies breed in stagnant and polluted waters. Negative attitudes were found among 72.2% of the inhabitants. Factors associated with a high level of knowledge included continuing education among health professionals and information on vector-borne diseases among residents. The conceptual and cognitive gaps in the knowledge of sand flies reflect the lack of information and training on sand flies. The results of the sand fly knowledge review can be integrated into the national leishmaniases control program and the integrated vector management strategy to raise public awareness on the health risks of sand flies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document