scholarly journals Ecology of Neglected Rodent-Borne American Orthohantaviruses

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Mull ◽  
Reilly Jackson ◽  
Tarja Sironen ◽  
Kristian M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Sin Nombre Virus ◽  
Environmental Persistence ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Distributional Range ◽  
Andes Virus ◽  
Fundamental Research

The number of documented American orthohantaviruses has increased significantly over recent decades, but most fundamental research has remained focused on just two of them: Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV). The majority of American orthohantaviruses are known to cause disease in humans, and most of these pathogenic strains were not described prior to human cases, indicating the importance of understanding all members of the virus clade. In this review, we summarize information on the ecology of under-studied rodent-borne American orthohantaviruses to form general conclusions and highlight important gaps in knowledge. Information regarding the presence and genetic diversity of many orthohantaviruses throughout the distributional range of their hosts is minimal and would significantly benefit from virus isolations to indicate a reservoir role. Additionally, few studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying transmission routes and factors affecting the environmental persistence of orthohantaviruses, limiting our understanding of factors driving prevalence fluctuations. As landscapes continue to change, host ranges and human exposure to orthohantaviruses likely will as well. Research on the ecology of neglected orthohantaviruses is necessary for understanding both current and future threats to human health.

scholarly journals Application of immobilized mycelium-based pellets for the removal of organochlorine compounds: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. V. Pereira ◽  
M. P. Serbent ◽  
E. Skoronski
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Organochlorine Compounds ◽  
Environmental Persistence ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Immobilization Techniques ◽  
Enzymatic Machinery

Abstract Organochlorines have diverse structures and applications and are included in the list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their toxicity and environmental persistence. The reduced capacity of conventional wastewater treatment plants to remove these compounds encourages the development of cost-effective and efficient remediation approaches. Fungal biotechnology can contribute to the development of these technologies through their enzymatic machinery but faces several drawbacks related to the use of dispersed mycelium. In this sense, investigations concerning the degradation of organochlorines using immobilized fungi demonstrated an increase in contaminants removal efficiency compared with degradation by free cells. Despite this interest, the mechanisms of immobilized fungi have not been comprehensively reviewed. In this paper, recent advances of laboratory and field studies in organochlorine compounds removal by fungi were reviewed, focusing on the role of immobilization techniques. Firstly, the mechanisms of organochlorines bioconversion by fungi and the factors affecting enzyme activity are elucidated and discussed in detail. Then, the main targeted compounds, fungi, technics, and materials used for immobilization are discussed, as well as their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, critical points for future studies of the fungi immobilization for organochlorines removal are proposed.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a new challenge in untreated wastewater

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshay Kumar Chaudhry ◽  
Payal Sachdeva
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

COVID-19 outbreak was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 12 March 2020. As of 27 May 2020, WHO statistics exhibited that more than five million confirmed cases have been reported globally. Much remains unclear about the fate and impact of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus 2019, in wastewater. SARS-CoV-2 infection, the etiologic agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, is followed by virus shedding in the stool. The quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, therefore, enables monitoring of the prevalence of infections among the population through wastewater-based epidemiology. This review discusses the possible spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater and its impact on human health, if any. The information and resources outlined in this paper are based on recently published studies and provide information to decision-makers on the successful management of COVID-19 and reduce the risk of human exposure to COVID-19. Additionally, systems-based approaches to curtail COVID-19 spread are also discussed.

A critical review on the potential impacts of neonicotinoid insecticide use: current knowledge of environmental fate, toxicity, and implications for human health

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1315-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrin A. Thompson ◽  
Hans-Joachim Lehmler ◽  
Dana W. Kolpin ◽  
Michelle L. Hladik ◽  
John D. Vargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticides ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide

The review examines literature relevant to environmental fate, transformation, and toxicity, and human exposure and health risks of neonicotinoid insecticides.

scholarly journals Analysis of Hantavirus Genetic Diversity in Argentina: S Segment-Derived Phylogeny

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 3765-3773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene C. Bohlman ◽  
Sergey P. Morzunov ◽  
John Meissner ◽  
Mary Beth Taylor ◽  
Kimiko Ishibashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
South American ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Andes Virus ◽  
Virus Genotypes ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level ◽  
Virus Strains

ABSTRACT Nucleotide sequences were determined for the complete S genome segments of the six distinct hantavirus genotypes from Argentina and for two cell culture-isolated Andes virus strains from Chile. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that, although divergent from each other, all Argentinian hantavirus genotypes group together and form a novel phylogenetic clade with the Andes virus. The previously characterized South American hantaviruses Laguna Negra virus and Rio Mamore virus make up another clade that originates from the same ancestral node as the Argentinian/Chilean viruses. Within the clade of Argentinian/Chilean viruses, three subclades can be defined, although the branching order is somewhat obscure. These are made of (i) “Lechiguanas-like” virus genotypes, (ii) Maciel virus and Pergamino virus genotypes, and (iii) strains of the Andes virus. Two hantavirus genotypes from Brazil, Araraquara and Castello dos Sonhos, were found to group with Maciel virus and Andes virus, respectively. The nucleocapsid protein amino acid sequence variability among the members of the Argentinian/Chilean clade does not exceed 5.8%. It is especially low (3.5%) among oryzomyine species-associated virus genotypes, suggesting recent divergence from the common ancestor. Interestingly, the Maciel and Pergamino viruses fit well with the rest of the clade although their hosts are akodontine rodents. Taken together, these data suggest that under conditions in which potential hosts display a high level of genetic diversity and are sympatric, host switching may play a prominent role in establishing hantavirus genetic diversity. However, cospeciation still remains the dominant factor in the evolution of hantaviruses.

Currently used organophosphate flame retardants determined in the settled dust of masjids and hotels of Saudi Arabia, a new insight into human health implications of dust exposure

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 798-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Ali ◽  
Iqbal Mohammad Ibrahim Ismail ◽  
Mohammad W. Kadi ◽  
Hussain Mohammed Salem Ali Albar
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Dust Exposure ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Settled Dust ◽  
Insight Into

Indoor settled dust particles are considered as an important source of human exposure to chemicals such as organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs).

Genetic differences and variation in polysaccharide antioxidant activity found in germplasm resources for Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.)

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 651-660
Author(s):  
Lingyan Xuan ◽  
Xiujie Xi ◽  
Zixian Xu ◽  
Huijun Xie ◽  
Yunguo Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Germplasm Resources ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ssr Analysis ◽  
Job’S Tears

Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) is an ancient plant with high nutritional and medicinal value. In this study, using 11 Chinese germplasm resources for Job’s tears, we examined genetic differences among the germplasms and differences in the in vitro antioxidant activities of coixan, and sought to identify inter-relationships between these two variables. We found that the intraspecific conservation of DNA sequences was high, with ITS regions and cpDNA trnL-F and trnH-psbA non-coding sequences showing no sequence variation, whereas the GBSSI gene showed a certain degree of variation among the different germplasms. EST-SSR analysis also revealed a relatively low level of genetic diversity among the germplasms. Coixan was shown to be an efficient antioxidant, and among the germplasms examined, the LNYX, FJPC, and AHBZ had the highest antioxidant activities. However, none of the four in vitro antioxidant activity indices we assessed were significantly correlated with the geographical origin of the germplasm (latitude and longitude); however, one of them was significantly associated with genetic diversity. Although the factors affecting the antioxidant activity of coixan are complex, the role of heredity should not be ignored. Our findings have implications for the scientific evaluation, identification, and sustainable utilization of the germplasm resources for Job’s tears.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Soy Isoflavones in Humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1182-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aedin Cassidy
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Soy Isoflavones ◽  
Pure Compound ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Compound Plant

Abstract To fully evaluate the potential risks and benefits of isoflavones to human health, an understanding of the physiological behavior of these compounds following ingestion is required. Numerous researchers have investigated the kinetics and extent of polyphenol absorption by measuring plasma concentrations and/or urinary excretion among adults after the ingestion of a single dose of polyphenol, provided as either a pure compound, plant extract, or whole food/beverage. Available data suggest isoflavones are more bioavailable than other flavonoid subclasses. This review will focus on our current understanding of factors affecting isoflavone absorption and metabolism in humans.

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