scholarly journals Hepatitis B Virus Molecular Epidemiology, Host-Virus Interaction, Coinfection, and Laboratory Diagnosis in the MENA Region: An Update

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duaa W. Al-Sadeq ◽  
Sara A. Taleb ◽  
Roan E. Zaied ◽  
Sara M. Fahad ◽  
Maria K. Smatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped partial double-stranded DNA virus that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 257 million people are living with HBV. Moreover, 20,900 acute hepatitis B cases were reported in 2016. Hepatitis B is highly prevalent in the African, Western Pacific, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and European regions, respectively. Due to the high mutational rate of HBV and lack of reverse transcriptase proofreading activity, ten different genotypes with different geographical distributions have been identified. HBV pathogenesis and severity of infection depend on several host and viral factors, particularly, the genetic variability of both the host and virus. Although HBV infection is a global health concern, there is a lack of adequate studies and reports in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here, we provide a review on HBV epidemiology, pathogenesis, host–pathogen interactions, coinfection with selected viruses, and laboratory diagnosis, focusing on studies conducted in the MENA region to determine the current situation of the HBV infection and outline the future study areas.

Adoption of Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Foreign-Born Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-892
Author(s):  
MARGARET K. HOSTETTER ◽  
DANA JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Internationally Adopted Children ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Internationally Adopted

In Reply.— We thank Dr Sokol for his detailed comments on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in internationally adopted children. Several issues which he has raised deserve special attention. 1. Previous reports of HBV infection in internationally adopted children had detected a substantially lower preyalence of this disease than did our study.1-5 Indeed, two studies in Korean infants3,5 place the prevalence of HBV infection at 2.8% to 4.3%, a figure which is approximately one third of that reported for Asian countries as a whole in surveillance studies conducted by the World Health Organization.6

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of an in-house ELISA to detect hepatitis B virus surface antigen in resource-limited settings

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Fatema ◽  
S Tabassum ◽  
A Nessa ◽  
M Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Virus Surface ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Commercial Kits ◽  
Checkerboard Titration

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is of global public health concern. Among various serological tests used for the diagnosis and screening of HBV infection, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) is most widely used. The present study was designed to develop and standardize a cost effective in-house ELISA for the detection of HbsAg and compare its performance with two established commercial kits. The concentrations of coating antibody, conjugates and sera were fixed by checkerboard titration. Using known HBsAg positive and negative sera, four different concentrations (1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 ?g/well) of coating anti-HBs were applied. Similarly, serial dilutions of patients’ sera (1 in 2, 1 in 3, 1 in 5 and 1 in 9) and conjugates (1 in 2, 1 in 3, 1 in 5, 1 in 9 and 1 in 17) were evaluated by checkerboard titration. The optimal concentration of coating antibody was determined at 0.25 ?g/well and 1 in 9 dilution for both conjugates and sera. The performance comparison of our in-house ELISA showed excellent correlation with two commercial kits (Pearson 0.957, P=0.001 for monoclonal antibody coated kit and Pearson 0.929, P=0.000 for polyclonal antibody coated kit) when OD values were compared. All commercial kit proven positive samples was positive while all negative samples were negative with the in-house ELISA resulting in 100% sensitivity and specificity. The results of our study demonstrated that our inhouse ELISA for detection of HBsAg was equally as sensitive and specific as two well-known commercial kits. Thus, this system may be a useful tool for diagnostic and screening purposes, as well as outbreak investigations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v39i2.19644 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2013; 39: 65-68

scholarly journals High Hepatitis B Seroprevalence, Low Knowledge, and Poor Attitude towards Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Market Women in Bolgatanga Metropolis in the Upper East Region of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Gideon K. Helegbe ◽  
Faiza Tanko ◽  
Paul A. Aryee ◽  
Setor Aku Lotsu ◽  
Mathias J. A. Asaarik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
East Region ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Market Women ◽  
Upper East Region ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

The Bolgatanga Municipal Health Directorate has reported liver cirrhosis among the first three diseases causing mortality from 2013 to 2015. This implicates hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection considering its high prevalence among blood donors in the Upper East Region of Ghana. However, for a vulnerable group such as market women, there is not much information with regard to the prevalence, knowledge, and attitude towards HBV infection. Thus, this study sought to bridge this gap by determining the seroprevalence, knowledge, and attitude of market women in the Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana, towards HBV infection. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted (from October 2017 to March 2018) among 404 market women using a pretested questionnaire to ascertain the knowledge and attitudes of market women towards HBV infection, while hepatitis B surface Antigen Rapid Diagnostic Test strips were used to screen for the infection. The study revealed that the seroprevalence of hepatitis B among the market women was 15.6%, and majority of the study subjects (>60%) were unaware of HBV infection. Overall, knowledge on and attitude towards HBV infection were low and poor, respectively, with a significantly high number of the market women not wanting infected individuals to be isolated (p=0.049). A high seroprevalence, together with poor attitude and low knowledge levels, as seen in this study is of great public health concern. The study recommends regular HBV screening for market women for prompt treatment and vaccination as well as continuous health education to increase knowledge level and improve the poor attitudes of market women towards HBV infection.

scholarly journals Is it Safe for a Mother Infected with Hepatitis B Virus to Breastfeed Her Baby?

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
ASM Nawshad Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Md Mahbubul Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Perinatal Transmission ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Major Mode ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World

One third of the world’s population has been infected by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), causing an enormous burden of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted through contact with blood and blood products, by sexual contact, through close contact between children (horizontal transmission), or by perinatal transmission from a carrier mother to her baby. In Asia, perinatal transmission is the major mode of transmission and those who become infected perinatally with HBV are most likely to develop chronic infection. The question of whether breastfeeding by HBV-positive mothers is an additional mechanism by which infants may acquire HBV infection, has been asked for many years. Although small amounts of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been detected in some samples of breast milk, there is no evidence that breastfeeding by HBV-carrier mothers increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HBV. Infants born to known hepatitis B positive women should receive hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine, effectively eliminating any theoretical risk of transmission through breastfeeding. However, neither screening of pregnant women for HBV infection nor use of HBIG is feasible in most developing countries. Routine immunization of infants with hepatitis B vaccine is therefore recommended by the World Health Organization. Bangladesh has already included hepatitis B vaccine as part of routine childhood immunization in EPI program since 2003. Also the risk must be balanced against the increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to malnutrition and diarrheal or other infectious diseases associated with replacement feeding. Malnutrition is responsible, directly or indirectly, for 6.5 million under 5 deaths annually. Thus, even where HBV infection is highly endemic and immunization against HBV is not available, breastfeeding remains the recommended method of feeding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v35i1.10369 BJCH 2011; 35(1): 20-25

scholarly journals Update on Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis J. Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv

SUMMARY Acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 350 million people worldwide have chronic HBV infection and that 1 million persons die each year from HBV-related chronic liver disease. In the past decade, significant progress in the understanding of the molecular virology and pathogenesis of HBV infection has been made. In addition, effective treatment modalities have been developed for persons with chronic infection. Worldwide, prevention of HBV transmission has become a high priority. In 1992, the Global Advisory Group to the World Health Organization recommended that all countries integrate hepatitis B vaccine into national immunization programs by 1997. Currently, 80 countries have done so and several others are planning to. Many countries have reported dramatic reductions in the prevalence of chronic HBV infection among children born since the hepatitis B vaccine was introduced into infant immunization schedules. Recent reports from Taiwan indicate a reduction in the incidence of liver cancer among children as a result of widespread hepatitis B vaccination programs.

scholarly journals Benefits and Risks of Antiviral Treatment during Pregnancy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2320
Author(s):  
Yoon Seok Lee ◽  
Soo Min Bang ◽  
Young-Sun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Hbv Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Hbv ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Meta Analyses

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and can lead to severe liver diseases. The World Health Organization has planned to eliminate viral hepatitis, including hepatitis caused by HBV and hepatitis C virus, by 2030. As mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV is a main cause of chronic HBV infection, MTCT prevention is the main target to reduce the risk of chronic HBV infection and eliminate the disease. Recent clinical trials and meta-analyses found that antiviral therapy could prevent MTCT effectively in mothers with ≥200,000 IU/mL of HBV DNA, in combination with serial vaccination and hepatitis B immune globulin administration in infants. Despite the preventive role of antivirals for MTCT of HBV, there are several concerns regarding antiviral therapy with respect to the safety of the mother and fetus during pregnancy. This review summarizes the benefits and risks of antiviral treatment during pregnancy in women with chronic HBV infection.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among the Tribal Population of Attapady, Kerala,India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Jose Manjiyil ◽  
Kavitha Paul Konikkara
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tribal Population ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
B Virus

Introduction: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global health concern that may cause acute or chronic hepatitis. Chronically infected patients are at risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The disease causes a problem in the tribal communities. There are lack of studies on the prevalence of HBV among the tribal population. Aim: To assess the seroprevalence of HBV infection among the tribal population of Attapady, Kerala. Materials and Methods: This was a community based cross- sectional study conducted on serum samples collected from 269 subjects among the tribal population of Attapady. Serum samples were tested for quantitative antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Total hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti HBc IgM), frequencies were obtained using proportion and 95% Confidence Interval CI. Results: The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 10.4%. HBeAg was detected in 7.1% of HBsAg positive patients. 21.2% had protective anti-HBs titer. Anti-HBe was detected in five patients. Anti-HBc total and anti-HBc IgM were positive for 26.7% and 2.6%, respectively. Anti-HBc IgM alone and isolated anti-HBc were detected in 1.5% and 5.9 %, respectively. Anti-HBs and anti-HBc total both became positive in 8.6% cases. Conclusion: HBV infection poses a huge burden on tribal health. All HBsAg positive patients should be tested further to determine the stage of the disease. There is need to explore high HBV prevalence areas with studies on associated risk factors to bring out the ongoing transmission process and focus on preventive measures. HBV vaccination, antenatal screening, and health awareness should be given priority to tackle the burden.

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