scholarly journals Modelling a Silent Epidemic: A Review of the In Vitro Models of Latent Tuberculosis

Pathogens ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savannah Gibson ◽  
James Harrison ◽  
Jonathan Cox
Keyword(s):  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Major Virulence Factor ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Different Characteristics

Tuberculosis (TB) is the primary cause of death by a single infectious agent; responsible for around two million deaths in 2016. A major virulence factor of TB is the ability to enter a latent or Non-Replicating Persistent (NRP) state which is presumed untreatable. Approximately 1.7 billion people are latently infected with TB and on reactivation many of these infections are drug resistant. As the current treatment is ineffective and diagnosis remains poor, millions of people have the potential to reactivate into active TB disease. The immune system seeks to control the TB infection by containing the bacteria in a granuloma, where it is exposed to stressful anaerobic and nutrient deprived conditions. It is thought to be these environmental conditions that trigger the NRP state. A number of in vitro models have been developed that mimic conditions within the granuloma to a lesser or greater extent. These different models have all been utilised for the research of different characteristics of NRP Mycobacterium tuberculosis, however their disparity in approach and physiological relevance often results in inconsistencies and a lack of consensus between studies. This review provides a summation of the different NRP models and a critical analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages relating to their physiological relevance.

scholarly journals Modelling a Silent Epidemic: A Review of the In Vitro Models of Latent Tuberculosis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savannah E R Gibson ◽  
James Harrison ◽  
Jonathan A G Cox
Keyword(s):  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Major Virulence Factor ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Different Characteristics

Tuberculosis (TB) is the primary cause of death by a single infectious agent; responsible for around two million deaths in 2016. A major virulence factor of TB is the ability to enter a latent or Non-Replicating Persistent (NRP) state which is presumed untreatable. Approximately, 1.7 billion people are latently infected with TB and on reactivation many of these infections are drug resistant. As the current treatment is ineffective and diagnosis remains poor, millions of people have the potential to reactivate into active TB disease. The immune system seeks to control the TB infection by containing the bacteria in a granuloma, where it is exposed to stressful anaerobic and nutrient deprived conditions. It is thought to be these environmental conditions that trigger the NRP state. A number of in vitro models have been developed that mimic conditions within the granuloma to a lesser or greater extent. These different models have all been utilised for the research of different characteristics of NRP Mycobacterium tuberculosis, however their disparity in approach and physiological relevance often results in inconsistencies and a lack of consensus between studies. This review provides a summation of the different NRP models and a critical analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages relating to their physiological relevance.

scholarly journals Modelling a Silent Epidemic: A Review of the In Vitro Models of Latent Tuberculosis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savannah E. R. Gibson ◽  
James Harrison ◽  
Jonathan A. G. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Major Virulence Factor ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Different Characteristics

Tuberculosis (TB) is the primary cause of death by a single infectious agent; responsible for around two million deaths in 2016. A major virulence factor of TB is the ability to enter a latent or Non-Replicating Persistent (NRP) state which is presumed untreatable. Approximately, 1.7 billion people are latently infected with TB and on reactivation many of these infections are drug resistant. As the current treatment is ineffective and diagnosis remains poor, millions of people have the potential to reactivate into active TB disease. The immune system seeks to control the TB infection by containing the bacteria in a granuloma, where it is exposed to stressful anaerobic and nutrient deprived conditions. It is thought to be these environmental conditions that trigger the NRP state. A number of in vitro models have been developed that mimic conditions within the granuloma to a lesser or greater extent. These different models have all been utilised for the research of different characteristics of NRP Mycobacterium tuberculosis, however their disparity in approach and physiological relevance often results in inconsistencies and a lack of consensus between studies. This review provides a summation of the different NRP models and a critical analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages relating to their physiological relevance.

IN VITRO MODELS OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS DORMANCY, AND IN VIVO MODELS OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-307
Author(s):  
M. V. Fursov ◽  
I. A. Dyatlov ◽  
V. D. Potapov
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Published Data ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Dormant State

Modeling of tuberculosis infection is carried out in order to clarify various aspects of the tuberculosis pathogenesis, as well as the testing of new anti-tuberculosis drugs. The characteristic of in vitro models (n = 16) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormant state and in vivo models (n = 14) for the latent tuberculosis infection involving several animal species published to date are presented in this review. A brief description of the models and the results obtained by the authors are presented. The analysis of the published data reflects the list of methodological procedures that allow researchers to study the mechanism of the transition of M. tuberculosis cells to a dormant state and reverse to metabolically active state, as well as the process of conversion of active tuberculosis infection to a latent tuberculosis and reactivation.

Mechanism-Based Markers of Drug-Induced Liver Injury to Improve the Physiological Relevance and Predictivity of In Vitro Models

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Goldring ◽  
Alan Norris ◽  
Neil Kitteringham ◽  
Michael D. Aleo ◽  
Daniel J. Antoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Drug Induced Liver Injury ◽  
Physiological Relevance

scholarly journals In vitro models for the study of Zika virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Pimenova ◽  
Natalya P. Khrapova ◽  
Tatyana V. Zamarina
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Recent Experimental Data ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Zika Fever

Due to the globalization, increased trade and migration flows the probability of outbreaks of Zika fever is significantly increasing worldwide, including Black sea coast of the Caucasus in the Russian Federation. Zika fever tends to spread rapidly and to expand its geography, so the study of this virus remains an urgent task. The accumulated knowledge recently has contributed to a comprehensive study of Zika virus, but so far many questions of etiology, epidemiology, clinic, specific diagnosis and prevention remain unresolved. This review is based mainly on publications by foreign authors and leading international organizations dedicated to the study of Zika virus in the cell lines of various sources . The review summarizes recent experimental data on the use of cell lines as target cells for the study of Zika virus, their advantages and disadvantages, and the susceptibility of different cell lines to this virus. Information from bibliographic and abstract scientific databases, search websites, and publishers: RSCI, Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Nature, Elsevier, and others was used in the preparation of the review.

scholarly journals POSCAbilities: The Application of the Prion Organotypic Slice Culture Assay to Neurodegenerative Disease Research

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1079
Author(s):  
Hailey Pineau ◽  
Valerie Sim
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Slice Culture ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Organotypic Slice Culture ◽  
Drug Treatments

Prion diseases are fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative disorders whose pathogenesis is driven by the misfolding, self-templating and cell-to-cell spread of the prion protein. Other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease, share some of these prion-like features, with different aggregation-prone proteins. Consequently, researchers have begun to apply prion-specific techniques, like the prion organotypic slice culture assay (POSCA), to these disorders. In this review we explore the ways in which the prion phenomenon has been used in organotypic cultures to study neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of protein aggregation and spreading, strain propagation, the role of glia in pathogenesis, and efficacy of drug treatments. We also present an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of this culture system compared to in vivo and in vitro models and provide suggestions for new directions.

scholarly journals Breathing in vitro: Designs and applications of engineered lung models

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204173142110086
Author(s):  
Roberta Nossa ◽  
Joana Costa ◽  
Ludovica Cacopardo ◽  
Arti Ahluwalia
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Information ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Design Guideline ◽  
Pulmonary Cells ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Different Characteristics

The aim of this review is to provide a systematic design guideline to users, particularly engineers interested in developing and deploying lung models, and biologists seeking to identify a suitable platform for conducting in vitro experiments involving pulmonary cells or tissues. We first discuss the state of the art on lung in vitro models, describing the most simplistic and traditional ones. Then, we analyze in further detail the more complex dynamic engineered systems that either provide mechanical cues, or allow for more predictive exposure studies, or in some cases even both. This is followed by a dedicated section on microchips of the lung. Lastly, we present a critical discussion of the different characteristics of each type of system and the criteria which may help researchers select the most appropriate technology according to their specific requirements. Readers are encouraged to refer to the tables accompanying the different sections where comprehensive and quantitative information on the operating parameters and performance of the different systems reported in the literature is provided.

scholarly journals Review: Challenges of In Vitro CAF Modelling in Liver Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5914
Author(s):  
Alba Herrero ◽  
Elisabeth Knetemann ◽  
Inge Mannaerts
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
In Vitro Systems ◽  
The Impact

Primary and secondary liver cancer are the third cause of death in the world, and as the incidence is increasing, liver cancer represents a global health burden. Current treatment strategies are insufficient to permanently cure patients from this devastating disease, and therefore other approaches are under investigation. The importance of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumour microenvironment is evident, and many pre-clinical studies have shown increased tumour aggressiveness in the presence of CAFs. However, it remains unclear how hepatic stellate cells are triggered by the tumour to become CAFs and how the recently described CAF subtypes originate and orchestrate pro-tumoural effects. Specialized in vitro systems will be needed to address these questions. In this review, we present the currently used in vitro models to study CAFs in primary and secondary liver cancer and highlight the trend from using oversimplified 2D culture systems to more complex 3D models. Relatively few studies report on the impact of cancer (sub)types on CAFs and the tumour microenvironment, and most studies investigated the impact of secreted factors due to the nature of the models.

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