scholarly journals Whole-Genome Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Russia

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1631
Author(s):  
Sergei Raev ◽  
Anton Yuzhakov ◽  
Taras Aliper
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Whole Genome Analysis ◽  
Reading Frame

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD) that bring about significant economic losses in the pig industry all over the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of PCV2 in Russia and characterize the available complete genome sequences. PCV2 DNA was detected at all investigated farms located in different regions of Russia. Whole-genome analysis demonstrated that the majority of PCV2 strains belonged to genotype PCV2d (12 out of 14), while PCV2a and PCV2b were only detected at 2 farms (one at each). Further analysis revealed that all antibody recognition sites in Russian PCV2 strains were different from the corresponding epitopes in a PCV2a vaccine strain, suggesting that PCV2a-based vaccines may only provide limited protection against these strains. PCV2d strains could be grouped into 3 distinct lines which shared 98.7–100% identity within open reading frame 2 (ORF2). It is the first study reporting the genetic diversity of PCV2 strains in Russia. Our data indicated that, similarly to China, Europe, and USA, PCV2a and PCV2b have largely been replaced by PCV2d.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in China During 2000-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Li ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Jiali Qi ◽  
Feng Hao ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Emerging Virus

As the major pathogen for porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is no longer treated as an emerging virus anymore. The wide distribution of PCV2 infection in China causes huge economic losses in the swine industry. Currently, it is generally believed that PCV2 has eight genotypes (PCV2a to PCV2h), with PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d being widely distributed. To comprehensively explore the genetic diversity and prevalence of PCV2 in China, PCV-2 sequences submitted from China in the GenBank database were retrieved. With a total of 714 PCV2 strains were retrieved, we found that early-submitted PCV2 sequences were mainly collected from coastal provinces in the southeast part of China, which may indicate PCV2 was initially circulating in those regions. From 2002 to 2008, PCV2b was the dominant prevalent genotype in those retrieved sequences. From 2009, PCV2d became the dominant genotype in those sequences, dropping a hint that a potential shift of PCV2b to PCV2d might occur in 2009, which is similar to the patterns at the global level. In addition to the PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d genotypes, novel strains were also characterized. We further revealed that the amino acid sequences consistency of PCV2a Cap is higher than those in other genotypes. Together, this study provided clues for the possible prevalent genotypes and dynamics of genetic diversity in China from 2000 to 2019.

scholarly journals Properties of expression of protein capside porcine circovirus type 2 in bacterial cells

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Anastasia D. Titova ◽  
Kirill V. Kudzin ◽  
Vladimir A. Prokulevich
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Nuclear Localization Signal ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Localization Signal

To improve expression of the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid protein in E. coli cells, the corresponding gene was optimized and two variants of the open reading frame were constructed, which encoded the full-sized and shortened capsid proteins as part of the expression vector. Rare codons were replaced, and in the case of a shortened version of the gene, the region corresponding to the N-terminal domain of the protein was deleted. A comparison was made of the expression level of the studied proteins. It was established that the highest level of expression in bacterial cells is achieved by simultaneously optimizing the codons and removing the initial (N-terminal) 108 base pair (bp) portion of the gene, which contains the nuclear localization signal.

scholarly journals Macrophage Polarization Modulated by Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Facilitates Bacterial Coinfection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Zhendong Fu ◽  
Hongyan Yin ◽  
Qingbing Han ◽  
Wenhui Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Pcv2 Infection ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
M2 Macrophage ◽  
Bacterial Coinfection

Polarization of macrophages to different functional states is important for mounting responses against pathogen infections. Macrophages are the major target cells of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus–associated disease (PCVAD) leading to immense economic losses in the global swine industry. Clinically, PCV2 is often found to increase risk of other pathogenic infections yet the underlying mechanisms remain to be elusive. Here we found that PCV2 infection skewed macrophages toward a M1 status through reprogramming expression of a subset of M1-associated genes and M2-associated genes. Mechanistically, induction of M1-associated genes by PCV2 infection is dependent on activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways whereas suppression of M2-associated genes by PCV2 is via inhibiting expression of jumonji domain containing-3 (JMJD3), a histone 3 Lys27 (H3K27) demethylase that regulates M2 activation of macrophages. Finally, we identified that PCV2 capsid protein (Cap) directly inhibits JMJD3 transcription to restrain expression of interferon regulatory factor (IRF4) that controls M2 macrophage polarization. Consequently, sustained infection of PCV2 facilitates bacterial infection in vitro. In summary, these findings showed that PCV2 infection functionally modulated M1 macrophage polarization via targeting canonical signals and epigenetic histone modification, which contributes to bacterial coinfection and virial pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Genomic Rearrangement and Recombination of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Porcine Circovirus-Like Virus P1 in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libin Wen ◽  
Kongwang He
Keyword(s):  
Genome Rearrangement ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Generic Term

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) belongs to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, and it has been associated with porcine circovirus (associated) disease (PCVD or PCVAD) in pigs. PCVAD is the generic term for a series of disease syndromes that have caused economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Since the discovery of PCV2 in the late 1990s, the virus has continued to evolve, and novel genotypes have continued to appear. Moreover, there has been recombination between different genotypes of PCV2. This review attempts to illustrate some progress concerning PCV2 in genome rearrangement and genomic recombination with non-PCV2-related nucleic acids, particularly focusing on the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 formed by the recombination of PCV2. The presence of rearranged PCV2 genomes can be demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and these subviral molecules ranged from 358 to 1,136 bp. Depending on whether it has the ability to encode a protein, the agents formed by PCV2 recombination can be divided into two categories: porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents. We mainly discuss the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 regarding genomic characterization, etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Further research needs to be conducted on the pathogenicity of other porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents and the effects of their interactions with PCV2, especially for the porcine circovirus-like mini agents that do not have protein-coding functions in the genome.

scholarly journals A Slaughterhouse Survey for Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Commercial Pigs in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Aiki-Raji ◽  
A. I. Adebiyi ◽  
D. O. Oluwayelu
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Carrier Status ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Swine Disease

Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is recognized as one of the most important agents of reproductive disorders in gilts and sows worldwide. It is associated with considerable economic losses in the swine industry due to the unthriftiness, and variable morbidity and mortality it causes in pigs. In spite of the devastation caused by this virus to the global pig industry, there is little or no report of its occurrence in Nigeria. Hence, a slaughterhouse based survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of PCV2 infections in pigs in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Using a commercial ELISA kit, 364 pig sera collected from a major abattoir were screened for IgG antibodies against PCV2. The overall prevalence of anti-PCV2 antibodies in the pigs was 1.4 % (5/364), with more female pigs (4/237, 1.7 %) being seropositive than males (1/127, 0.8 %). Since there is no routine vaccination against this swine disease in Nigeria, thus the antibodies detected in the pig sera indicated a natural exposure to the virus. The absence of clinical disease in the pigs also suggests the possibility of a carrier status for these animals and shows that they could serve as hosts for the perpetuation of the disease. These findings underscore the need for continuous surveillance for PCV2 among pigs in Nigeria in order to determine its contribution to production losses incurred in the Nigerian swine industry and aid the development of prevention and control strategies against the disease.

Genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in Thailand during 2009–2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nattarat Thangthamniyom ◽  
Pradit Sangthong ◽  
Pariwat Poolperm ◽  
Narut Thanantong ◽  
Alongkot Boonsoongnern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus

scholarly journals Antibody Recognition of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Protein Epitopes after Vaccination, Infection, and Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 749-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Trible ◽  
Maureen Kerrigan ◽  
Nicholas Crossland ◽  
Megan Potter ◽  
Kay Faaberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capsid Protein ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Antibody Recognition ◽  
Wasting Syndrome ◽  
Study Support

ABSTRACTOpen reading frame 2 (ORF2) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) codes for the 233-amino-acid capsid protein (CP). Baculovirus-based vaccines that express only ORF2 are protective against clinical disease following experimental challenge or natural infection. The goal of this study was to identify regions in CP preferentially recognized by sera from experimentally infected and vaccinated pigs and to compare these responses to those of pigs diagnosed with porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), including porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). The approach was to react porcine sera with CP polypeptide fragments followed by finer mapping studies using overlapping oligopeptides that covered amino acids 141 to 200. The results showed that vaccinated pigs preferentially recognized only the largest polypeptide fragment, CP(43-233). A subset of experimentally infected pigs and pigs with PDNS showed strong reactivity against a CP oligopeptide, 169-STIDYFQPNNKR-180. Alanine scanning identified Y-173, F-174, Q-175, and K-179 as important for antibody recognition. The results from this study support the notion of PCV2 modulation of immunity, including antibody responses that may represent a precursor for disease. The recognition of CP(169-180) and other polypeptides provides opportunities to devise diagnostic tests for monitoring the immunological effectiveness of vaccination.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Sequence of a Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Strain Detected in Assam, India

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Bharali ◽  
Lukumoni Buragohain ◽  
Nagendra Nath Barman ◽  
Sophia M. Gogoi
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Pcv2 Isolate

Porcine circovirus-associated disease caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a vital threat to the global pig industry. In this study, we have characterized the complete genome sequence of a PCV2 isolate, namely, Assam-01, belonging to the genotype PCV2d.

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