scholarly journals Serum Cytokine Profile in Patients with Candidemia Versus Bacteremia

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1349
Author(s):  
Saad J. Taj-Aldeen ◽  
Fayaz Ahmad Mir ◽  
Siveen K. Sivaraman ◽  
Atqah AbdulWahab
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Immunocompromised Hosts ◽  
Cell Analyzer ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Bloodstream Candida infections constitute a major threat for hospitalized patients in intensive care units and immunocompromised hosts. Certain serum cytokines play a decisive role in anti-microbial host defense. Cytokines may act as discriminatory biomarkers that can significantly increase in candidemia compared to bacteremia patients. The concentration of secreted cytokine/chemokines was determined using a multiplexed cytometric bead array run on a cell analyzer. The cytokines tested during the study were interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-10, IFN-?, IL-4, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12p70 and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The cytokines of 51 candidemia patients were characterized and compared to the cytokine levels of 20 bacteremia patients. Levels were significantly elevated in patients with bloodstream infections compared to healthy controls. Cytokines comprising IL-2, IL-17A, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly elevated in the patients with bloodstream Candida infection as compared to the patients having bloodstream bacterial infections. The levels were found to be promising as a potential diagnostic marker for bloodstream Candida infections.

scholarly journals Inhibition of TNF-α production contributes to the attenuation of LPS-induced hypophagia by pentoxifylline

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (6) ◽  
pp. R2113-R2120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Porter ◽  
B. J. Hrupka ◽  
G. Altreuther ◽  
M. Arnold ◽  
W. Langhans
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Muramyl Dipeptide ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anorectic Effect ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are assumed to mediate anorexia during bacterial infections. To improve our understanding of the role that these two cytokines serve in mediating infection during anorexia, we investigated the ability of pentoxifylline (PTX), a potent inhibitor of TNF-α production, to block the anorectic effects of the bacterial products lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in rats. Intraperitoneally injected PTX (100 mg/kg body wt) completely eliminated the anorectic effect of intraperitoneally injected LPS (100 μg/kg body wt) and attenuated the anorectic effect of a higher dose of intraperitoneally injected LPS (250 μg/kg body wt). Concurrently, PTX pretreatment suppressed low-dose LPS-induced TNF-α production by more than 95% and IL-1β production 39%, as measured by ELISA. Similarly, high-dose LPS-induced TNF-α production was reduced by ∼90%. PTX administration also attenuated the tolerance that is normally observed with a second injection of LPS. In addition, PTX pretreatment attenuated the hypophagic effect of intraperitoneally injected MDP (2 mg/kg body wt) but had no effect on the anorectic response to intraperitoneally injected recombinant human TNF-α (150 ug/kg body wt). The results suggest that suppression of TNF-α production is sufficient to attenuate LPS- and MDP-induced anorexia. This is consistent with the hypothesis that TNF-α plays a major role in the anorexia associated with bacterial infection.

scholarly journals Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with Human Dendritic Cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 6912-6922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Kolb-Mäurer ◽  
Alexandra Unkmeir ◽  
Ulrike Kämmerer ◽  
Claudia Hübner ◽  
Thomas Leimbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Human Dendritic Cells ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACT Infection with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B is responsible for fatal septicemia and meningococcal meningitis. The severity of disease directly correlates with the production of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and IL-8. However, the source of these cytokines has not been clearly defined yet. Since bacterial infection involves the activation of dendritic cells (DCs), we analyzed the interaction of N. meningitidis with monocyte-derived DCs. Using N. meningitidis serogroup B wild-type and unencapsulated bacteria, we found that capsule expression significantly impaired neisserial adherence to DCs. In addition, phagocytic killing of the bacteria in the phagosome is reduced by at least 10- to 100-fold. However, all strains induced strong secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 by DCs (at least 1,000-fold at 20 h postinfection [p.i.]), with significantly increased cytokine levels being measurable by as early as 6 h p.i. Levels of IL-1β, in contrast, were increased only 200- to 400-fold at 20 h p.i. with barely measurable induction at 6 h p.i. Moreover, comparable amounts of cytokines were induced by bacterium-free supernatants of Neisseria cultures containing neisserial lipooligosaccharide as the main factor. Our data suggest that activated DCs may be a significant source of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines in neisserial infection and thereby may contribute to the pathology of meningococcal disease.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF CYTOKINS AND THEIR INTERRELATION IN LIVER CIRRHOSIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
B B Fishman ◽  
M A Toneeva ◽  
V E Kulikov ◽  
V A Kornilova ◽  
E R Antonova
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Class A ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Class B ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The research objectives are to determine serum interleukins (IL-2, IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF - α) and evaluate their interrelation in liver cirrhosis (class A, B, C according to Chad - Pugh). 117 patients were examined and their cytokines levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Elevation of cytokine levels IL-2, I-6 and TNF-α within reference values was found in liver cirrhosis cases, expect for level IL-6 in liver cirrhosis cases of class C. In these cases IL-6 level exceeds reference values and is within the limit of 9,94 - 25,21 pg / ml with average concentration of 14,89±4,96 pg / ml. Correlation is found between TNF- α and IL-6 (r = - 0,499) in liver cirrhosis of class A and correlation between TNF- α and IL-2 (r = 0,421) is found in liver cirrhosis of class B.

scholarly journals Effects after inhalation of (1→ 3)-β-D-glucan in healthy humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörgen Thorn ◽  
Lena Beijer ◽  
Ragnar Rylander
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cationic Protein ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Background and aim:This study was performed to assess the effects of an exposure to a pure (1→3)-β-D-glucan, a cell wall component of fungi, plants and certain bacteria.Methods:Twenty-one healthy subjects inhaled saline or (1→3)-β-D-glucan suspended in saline in a random, double-blind, cross-over design. They were examined before exposure and 24 and 72 h afterwards with spirometry, blood sampling and collection of induced sputum. Differential cell counts and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) were determined in blood and sputum, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-10 were determined in sputum supernatants. TNF-α was determined after cultivation of blood mononuclear cells.Results:In sputum, inhalation of saline caused a significant increase in ECP and TNF-α. (1→3)-β-D-Glucan inhalation caused a further increase in these cytokines, although not statistically significantly different from the increase induced by inhalation of saline alone. In blood, the number of eosinophils was significantly decreased 72 h after the challenge with (1→3)-β-D-glucan. This effect was not found after the inhalation of saline alone. TNF-α production from stimulated blood mononuclear cells was significantly decreased 72 h after the (1→3)-β-D-glucan inhalation as compared with the increase induced by saline inhalation.Conclusions:The results suggest that (1→3)-β-D-glucan causes a different type of response as compared with inflammatory agents such as bacterial endotoxin that cause a neutrophil-dominated inflammatory response.

scholarly journals Impaired Langerhans cell migration in psoriasis

2006 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Cumberbatch ◽  
Minal Singh ◽  
Rebecca J. Dearman ◽  
Helen S. Young ◽  
Ian Kimber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Skin ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Langerhans Cell ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Uninvolved Skin ◽  
Chemical Allergen ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

We have examined whether psoriasis is associated with systemic effects on epidermal Langerhans cell (LC) function and, specifically, the migration of LCs from the skin. Compared with normal skin, the frequency and morphology of epidermal LCs in uninvolved skin from patients with psoriasis was normal. However, mobilization of these cells in response to stimuli that normally induce migration (chemical allergen, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], and interleukin-1β [IL-1β]) was largely absent, despite the fact that treatment with TNF-α and IL-1β was associated with comparable inflammatory reactions in patients and controls. The failure of LC migration from uninvolved skin was not attributable to altered expression of receptors for IL-1β or TNF-α that are required for mobilization, nor was there an association with induced cutaneous cytokine expression. Although a role for altered dynamics of LC migration/turnover has not been formally excluded, these data reveal a very consistent decrement of LC function in psoriasis that may play a decisive role in disease pathogenesis.

The effects of chronic exercise on the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α are different with age

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Kyong Moon ◽  
Bong Jun Cho ◽  
You Jin Lee ◽  
Sung Hee Choi ◽  
Soo Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Α ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Aging is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are key mediators of the inflammatory process. IL-6, especially muscle-derived IL-6, is expected to mediate the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise. There was no report that directly compares the effects of chronic endurance exercise on cytokine responses between old and young subjects in the same situation. Therefore, we compared the effects of endurance exercise on the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in old and young rats. Young (3-month-old) and old (20-month-old) male Fisher rats were trained for 12 weeks on the treadmill. We measured serum TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and examined mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue using reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction. We found that old rats had higher basal IL-6 levels in the liver, as well as in the serum and the muscle. After chronic endurance exercise, young rats exhibited significant decreases in serum TNF-α levels and hepatic IL-6 expression. However, old rats exhibited no significant changes in either serum or tissue cytokine levels after endurance exercise. These findings suggest that chronic endurance exercise could influence the inflammatory response of hepatic tissues, as well as muscle, and that the effects of chronic endurance exercise on inflammatory cytokine levels are different between old and young rats and an exercise program tailored for old subjects will be needed to obtain beneficial anti-inflammatory effects from exercise.

scholarly journals Endotoxin Modulates the Expression of Renal Drug Transporters in HIV-1 Transgenic Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1s) ◽  
pp. 117s-129s ◽  
Author(s):  
Navaz Karimian Pour ◽  
Micheline Piquette-Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Drug Transporters ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Associated Conditions ◽  
Ifn Γ

PURPUSE: Bacterial co-infections and low grade endotoxemia are common in HIV patients. Inflammation due to endotoxin or HIV may influence the expression and activity of transporters. Kidney transporters influence renal drug clearances including many antiretroviral agents. Our objective was to study the effect of endotoxin and HIV on the renal expression of drug transporters in an HIV-transgenic (HIV-Tg) rat model. These rats develop immune dysfunction and AIDS-associated conditions like humans. METHODS: Endotoxin or saline was administered intraperitoneally to HIV-Tg or wild type (WT) littermates and kidneys were collected 18 hours later. Expression of transporters and cytokines were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blots. Serum cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Endotoxin induced serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in both HIV-Tg and WT animals. The basal mRNA expression of Oct2, Oct3, Octn1, Mate1, Urat1 and Ent1was significantly lower (33-60%) and the expression of Ent2 and Pept2 was significantly higher (33-45%) in HIV-Tg as compared to WT. While endotoxin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of Mdra1 and Pept2 in both HIV and WT groups (69-78%), it imposed a significant reduction on the mRNA expression of Oct2, Oct3, Octn1, Mate1, Oat2, urat1, and Ent1 (54-83%) only in the WT group. Endotoxin significantly increased the mRNA expression of Pept1 (140%) in both WT and HIV groups. CONCLUSIONS: HIV and endotoxin each imposed alterations in the expression of many clinically important renal drug transporters although co-infection did not augment this effect. Viral and/or bacterial infections may impact the renal clearance of drug substrates in patients and could potentially be a source of drug-disease interactions.

scholarly journals Gender-Related Cytokine Patterns in Sera of Schistosomiasis Patients with Symmers' Fibrosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nascimento Silva-Teixeira ◽  
Cristiane Contigli ◽  
José Roberto Lambertucci ◽  
José Carlos Serufo ◽  
Virmondes Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACT Cytokine levels were compared between schistosomiasis patients affected by intense fibrosis defined by ultrasound examination and graded from F-0 to F-3. The concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum samples. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-α in the sera of F-3 patients were significantly higher than those found in F-0 individuals, while levels of IL-13 were lower. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-α in serum were significantly higher in F-3 males than in F-0 males or F-3 females. Conversely, levels of IL-13 were significantly lower in F-3 females than in F-0 females and males.

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